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1 on normal commercial terms
Банковское дело: на обычных коммерческих условиях (контекстуальный перевод; говоря о реструктуризации кредита; англ. оборот взят из Hong Kong Monetary Authority Quarterly Bulletin. - December 2003)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > on normal commercial terms
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2 на обычных коммерческих условиях
Banking: on normal commercial terms (контекстуальный перевод; говоря о реструктуризации кредита; англ. оборот взят из Hong Kong Monetary Authority Quarterly Bulletin. - December 2003)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > на обычных коммерческих условиях
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3 term
ком. 1. n строк; період; час; термін; a строковий; терміновий; 2. pl умови1. визначений відрізок часу; момент настання, виконання чого-небудь; 2. обставини, які стосуються платежу, угоди, заробітної плати, ціни, страхового полісу тощо═════════■═════════acceptable terms прийнятні умови; attractive terms привабливі умови; berthing terms умови причалювання • лінійні умови (про завантаження і розвантаження в торговому мореплавстві); buying terms умови покупки; cash terms умови платежу готівкою; collection terms умови інкасо; commercial terms комерційні умови; concessionary terms пільгові умови; consignment terms умови консигнації; contract terms умови контракту; credit terms умови позички • умови надання кредиту • умови акредитиву; credit payment terms умови сплати кредиту; current terms поточні умови; delivery terms умови постачання; discharging terms умови розвантаження; discount terms умови знижки • умови дисконту; easy terms пільгові умови; easy tax terms пільговий податковий режим; equal terms однакові умови; exact terms точні умови; exclusionary terms обмежувальні умови • заборонні умови; expired term термін, що минув; exploration term період дослідження; extended term продовжений строк; fair terms справедливі умови; favourable terms сприятливі умови; financial terms фінансові умови; financing terms умови фінансування; fixed term встановлений строк; general terms загальні умови; hire-purchase terms умови надання кредиту при продажу на виплат; income term індекс доходу; indexing term термін індексування; inequitable terms нерівноправні умови; initial terms первісні умови • початкові умови; insurance terms умови страхування; intermediate term середній термін; legal terms юридичні умови; lending terms умови кредиту; license term термін чинності ліцензії • термін чинності патенту • термін чинності дозволу; licensing terms умови ліцензійного договору; long term довгий термін; mortgage term термін застави; negotiated terms узгоджені умови; normal terms нормальні умови; payment terms умови платежу; preferential terms пільгові умови; purchase terms умови купівлі; regular terms звичайні умови; sale terms умови продажу; selling terms умови продажу; settlement terms умови розрахунку; short term короткий термін; soft terms пільгові умови; special terms спеціальні умови; standard terms стандартні умови; stipulated terms узгоджені умови; technical terms технічні умови; trade terms умови торгівлі; trading terms торговельні умови; unacceptable terms неприйнятні умови; unequal terms нерівноправні умови; usual terms звичайні умови═════════□═════════delivery on term доставка у визначений термін; for a term of на термін; for a stated term на застережений термін; in terms of у перерахунку на • у перерахуванні на; in demographic terms з погляду демографії; in money terms у грошовому виразі; in per capita terms в розрахунку на душу населення; in percentage terms у відсотковому обрахуванні; in physical terms в натуральному виразі; in real terms в реальному обрахуванні; in value terms у вартісному виразі; on advantageous terms на вигідних умовах; on credit terms на умовах кредиту; on easy terms на пільгових умовах; on usual terms на звичайних умовах; term account терміновий рахунок; term assurance страхування життя на визначений термін; term bill вексель зі встановленим терміном; term borrowing позика на термін; term credit строковий кредит; term deposit вклад на термін • строковий депозит; terms do not exceed 6 months терміни кредитування не перевищують 6 місяців; term for appeal термін для подання апеляції; term insurance страхування на термін; term loan термінова позика; terms of acceptance умови прийняття; term of an agreement термін чинності угоди; term of an appeal термін подання апеляції; term of an application термін подання заяви; terms of auction умови аукціону; term of a bill термін векселя; terms of cancellation умови анулювання • умови скасування; terms of carriage умови перевезення; terms of conveyance умови перевезення; term of custody термін перебування під вартою; terms of exchange умови обміну; terms of freight умови фрахту; term of grace пільговий термін; terms of a guarantee умови гарантії; terms of a lease умови оренди; term of lease строк оренди; term of limitation термін давності; term of a loan термін позики; terms of an offer умови пропозиції; term of office термін уповноваження • термін перебування на посаді; term of notice термін повідомлення; term of a patent строк чинності патенту; terms of payment умови платежу; term of a policy термін чинності полісу; terms of a proposal умови пропозиції; term of punishment термін покарання; terms of redemption умови викупу; terms of reinsurance умови перестрахування; terms of sale умови продажу; term of service термін служби; terms of settlement умови розрахунку; terms of subscription умови передплати; terms of transport умови транспортування; terms of a treaty умови договору; term of validity термін чинності; term to maturity термін виплати кредиту • термін сплати цінних паперів; to accept the terms приймати/прийняти умови; to agree on the terms погоджуватися/погодитися з умовами; to alter the terms змінювати/змінити умови; to buy on easy terms купувати/купити на вигідних умовах; to comply with the terms відповідати умовам; to define the terms визначати/визначити умови; to exceed a term не дотримуватися/не дотриматися терміну • пропускати/пропустити термін • прострочувати/прострочити; to extend a term продовжувати/продовжити строк; to fix a term визначати/визначити строк • визначати/визначити термін; to hold to terms дотримуватися/дотриматися умов; to meet the terms виконувати/виконати умови; to negotiate the terms домовлятися/домовитися про умови; to observe the terms дотримуватися/дотриматися умов; to outline the terms визначати/визначити умови; to propose terms пропонувати/запропонувати умови; to quote the terms визначати/визначити умови; to reduce a term скорочувати/скоротити строк; to revise the terms переглядати/переглянути умови; to sell on easy terms продавати/продати на вигідних умовах; to set a term встановлювати/встановити строк; to specify the terms застерігати/застерегти про умови; to stipulate the terms застерігати/застерегти про умови; to tailor the terms of the loan пристосовувати/пристосувати умови позикиterm¹ — ім. реченець, прикм. реченцевий (зах. укр., діал., діас.) -
4 term
n1) период, срок2) pl условия
- acceptable terms
- attractive terms
- barter terms
- basic terms
- basis terms
- business terms
- buying terms
- cash terms
- charter terms
- charter-party terms
- collection terms
- commercial terms
- concessionary terms
- consignment terms
- contract terms
- credit terms
- credit payment terms
- current terms
- delivery terms
- discharging terms
- discount terms
- easy terms
- easy terms of licensing
- easy terms of payment
- easy tax terms
- equal terms
- exact terms
- exacting terms
- expired term
- exploration term
- extended term
- extended payment term
- extension terms
- fair terms
- favourable terms
- financial terms
- financing terms
- general terms
- general delivery terms
- granted term
- guarantee terms
- implied terms
- inequitable terms
- initial terms
- insurance terms
- landed terms
- legal terms
- licence term
- licensing terms
- loan terms
- local terms
- long term
- normal terms
- overriding term
- payment terms
- preferential terms
- priority term
- prolonged term
- purchase terms
- quay terms
- regular terms
- rye terms
- sale terms
- selling terms
- settlement terms
- short term
- soft terms
- special terms
- standard terms
- substantive terms
- technical terms
- trade terms
- trading terms
- unacceptable terms
- unequal terms
- uniform terms
- usual terms
- terms for the supply
- terms of acceptance
- term of an agreement
- term of an appeal
- term of an application
- terms of auction
- terms of an average bond
- term of a bill
- terms of cancellation
- terms of carriage
- terms of a charter
- terms of collection
- terms and conditions of a contract
- terms of consignation
- terms of consignment
- terms of a contract
- terms of conveyance
- term of credit
- terms of debenture
- terms of a debt
- term of delivery
- terms of delivery
- terms of exchange
- term of execution of a contract
- terms of financing
- terms of freight
- term of grace
- terms of a guarantee
- terms of interest
- terms of a lease
- term of a licence
- term of licence validity
- term of limitation
- term of a loan
- term of lodging a protest
- term of a note
- terms of an offer
- term of office
- term of a patent
- term of patent protection
- terms of payment
- term of a policy
- term of powers
- term of a promissory note
- terms of a proposal
- terms of reference
- terms of reinsurance
- term of a repurchase agreement
- terms of sale
- terms of security
- term of service
- terms of settlement
- terms of shipment
- terms of trade
- terms of transport
- terms of transportation
- terms of a treaty
- term of validity
- term of a warrant
- terms of a warranty
- for a term of
- for a stated term
- in terms of
- in terms of dollars
- in terms of gold
- in percentage terms
- in physical terms
- in real terms
- in value terms
- on advantageous terms
- on contract terms
- on credit terms
- on easy terms
- on equal terms
- on favourable terms
- on mutually advantageous terms
- on mutually agreed terms
- on turn-key terms
- on usual terms
- under the terms and conditions of a contract
- accept terms
- agree on terms
- alter terms
- buy on easy terms
- come to terms
- come within the terms of a contract
- comply with the terms
- define terms
- exceed a term
- extend a term
- fix a term
- grant a term
- hold to terms
- honour payment terms
- keep the term
- maintain the term
- meet terms
- negotiate terms
- observe terms
- offer terms
- outline terms
- propose terms
- quote terms
- reduce a term
- revise terms
- sell on easy terms
- set a term
- specify terms
- spread payment terms
- stipulate terms
- stretch payment terms -
5 nicht an Regeln gebunden
nicht an Regeln gebunden
free;
• im Vertrag verankerte Regeln principles enshrined in a treaty;
• Regeln für die Auslegung handelsüblicher Vertragsformeln international commercial terms (incoterms);
• Regel einer ordnungsgemäßen Bewirtschaftung rules of good husbandry (Br.);
• Regeln des redlichen Wettbewerbs code of fair competition (US);
• sich gegen Regeln auflehnen to rub up against rules (coll.);
• sich kaufmännischer Regeln befleißigen to practice the rules of economy;
• Regelanfrage (beim Verfassungsschutz) routine inquiry;
• Regelausführung standard model;
• Regelbedarf standard need;
• Regelfall normal case;
• Regelfracht ordinary freight (US).Business german-english dictionary > nicht an Regeln gebunden
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6 discount
1. сущ.1)а) торг. скидка (с цены), ценовая скидка (денежная сумма или процент, на который поставщик снижает стандартную цену товара или услуги; напр., снижение стандартной цены товара в рамках кампании по стимулированию сбыта или снижение прейскурантной цены в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж, за покупку в большом количестве и т. п.; также снижение стандартного тарифа на услуги для клиентов, удовлетворяющих определенным требованиям, напр., уменьшение величины страховой премии в связи с особенностями данного риска, отсутствием аварий или других страховых случаев в течение определенного времени, либо уменьшение стоимости туристической путевки при приобретении общей путевки для группы лиц и т. п.)ATTRIBUTES:
cumulative 2), aggregate 2)
one-time discount — единовременная [разовая\] скидка
COMBS:
discount in the amount of— скидка в сумме
At the purchase of 6-10 titles you will obtain the discount in the amount of 5%.
discount of $125, $125 discount — скидка в размере 125 долл.
10% discount, discount of 10% — скидка в размере 10%, десятипроцентная скидка
1% discount for cash — скидка 1% за расчет наличными
15% discount for quantity purchases — 15-процентная скидка за покупку в большом количестве
less discount of 5% — со сидкой в 5%, за вычетом 5%
A discount of up to 40% may apply to Physical Damage Coverage for your boat, if the boat is less than 11 years old.
a discount of 10 to 40 percent — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 40%
a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%
discount on [below, to, off, from\] — скидка с (цены, тарифной ставки)
50% discount below the normal retail price — 50% скидка с обычной розничной цены
You can get 50% discount off the regular ticket price!
Click here to order this book at a discount from the regular list price.
discount on (smth.) — скидка на (что-л.)
Members will receive special discounts on all products. — Участники получат специальные скидки на все товары.
special discount to students, special students discounts — специальные скидки для студентов, специальные скидки студентам, специальные студенческие скидки
50% discount for children under 12 — 50% скидка для детей в возрасте до 12 лет
to give [to grant, to allow\] a discount — предоставить скидку
Discounts are given for quantity purchases.
First, they commit all participants to grant discounts of the same type to buyers who meet the same conditions of eligibility.
The producer usually establishes a list price and then allows discounts from it to various types of intermediate customers.
Later in the century, as competition for customers increased, some booksellers offered discounts of 20 percent and more.
to get [to receive, to obtain\] a discount — получить скидку
Club members get special discount off the normal rates. — Члены клуба получают специальную скидку с обычных тарифов.
He received cash discount of 3%. — Он получил скидку в размере 3% за оплату наличными.
to earn a discount — получить [заслужить, заработать\] скидку
When purchases must be placed within a specified period to earn a discount, the prospective contractor must indicate the required time period.
Those who purchase for cash are allowed a discount of 2%, while those who pay within one month can claim a discount of 1%.
to ask for a discount — просить [требовать\] скидку, обращаться за скидкой
If you're going to pay cash, ask for a discount.
It could be very useful to be able to negotiate a discount for cash if you are buying luxury items like a fur coat or an expensive piece of jewellery.
Large volume orders may be subject to a discount. — Крупные заказы могут подлежать скидке. [По крупным заказам может предоставляться скидка.\]
to qualify for a discount — иметь право на скидку; получить право на скидку; давать право на скидку
To qualify for discount all orders must be received by 30th June. — Чтобы иметь право на скидку, все заказы должны быть получены до 30 июня.
to be eligible for [to be entitled to\] a discount — иметь право на скидку
Find out if you are entitled to a discount. — Выясните, имеете ли вы право на скидку.
to lose a discount — терять скидку, терять право на скидку
This means that you can make 1 claim in any year or 2 claims in any 3-year period, and you won't lose the discount earned for your previous years of safe driving. — Это означает, что вы можете предъявить одно требование в течение любого года или два требования в течение любого трехлетнего периода, и вы не потеряете скидку, заработанную за предыдущие года безопасного вождения.
To find the sale price of the item, you calculate the discount and subtract the discount from the original price.
to reduce/to increase discount — уменьшать/увеличивать скидку
ThyssenKrupp Nirosta reduces cash discount.
Under the Local Government Act 2003, all District Councils have been allowed to reduce their Council Tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10%.
American Airlines also has increased its discount from 21 percent to 22 percent on all domestic fares and international full fares.
They've increased the tax discount on the house.
Syn:Ant:See:advertising discount, aggregated discount, bulk discount а), bulk purchase discount, cash discount, chain discount, commercial discount, cumulative discount, deep discount 2) а), deferred discount, discount allowed, discount earned, discount for cash, discount for cash payment, discount for early payment, discount for paying cash, discount for prompt payment, discount for quantity, discount for quantity purchases, discount from price, discount on price, discount received, discounts lost, early payment discount, functional discount, group discount 1) а), insurance discount, insurance premium discount, invoice discount 1) а), long discount, lost discounts, loyalty discount, net name discount, noncumulative discount, off-invoice discount, patronage discount, premium discount, prepayment discount, price discount а), prompt payment discount, purchase discount, quantity discount, quantity purchase discount, renewal discount, retail discount, retro discount, retrodiscount, retrospective discount, sales discount, series discount 1) а), short discount, special discount, staff discount, trade discount, trade-in discount, unearned discount а), volume discount, wholesale discount, amount of discount, discount amount а), discount broker а), discount brokerage, discount card, discount chain, discount coupon, discount drugstore, discount fare, discount goods, discount house 2) а), discount loss, discount market 2) а), discount merchandiser, discount period 1) а), discount policy 1) а), discount price, discount pricing, discount retailer, discount retailing, discount sale, discount scale, discount series, discount schedule, discount store, discount supermarket, discount table, discount terms, percentage of discount, scale of discounts, table of discounts, allowance 1. 3) discounted price а), discounted goods, premium price а), trade credit, EOM, ROG, discounter б), discountable 2) б), regular price, list price, off-price product, at a discount 1) а) IDIOM: five-finger discountб) фин., бирж. дисконт (сумма, на которую номинал или цена погашения ценной бумаги больше цены ее первоначального размещения или текущей рыночной цены)ATTRIBUTES:
accrued 2), amortizable 2) б)
deep discount — глубокий дисконт, значительный дисконт*
COMBS:
discount in the amount of— дисконт в сумме
discount of $125, $125 discount — дисконт в размере 125 долл.
As a result, X treats the loan as having original issue discount in the amount of $130000.
10% discount, discount of 10% — дисконт в размере 10%, десятипроцентный дисконт
For example, if a $1000 par bond was bought at a discount of $900, at maturity there would be a $100 gain.
a discount of 10 to 40 percent — дисконт (в размере) от 10% до 40%
a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%
discount on [below, to, off, from\] — дисконт к (цене, номиналу), дисконт с [от\] (цены, номинала)
Coupons are sold at a discount to maturity value.
The Company amortizes any discount or premium as part of interest expense on the related debt using the effective interest method.
Although the issuer will calculate original issue discount, if any, based on its determination of the accrual periods, a bondholder may, subject to some restrictions, elect other accrual periods.
All taxable discount securities, including Corporate and Government Bonds, Federal STRIPs, Eurobonds, and Taxable Municipal securities.
Ant:See:accrued discount, acquisition discount а), amortized discount, bond discount, debt discount, deep discount 1) а), discount from price, discount on price, Discount on Notes Payable, Discount on Notes Receivable, market discount а), original issue discount, price discount 1) б), share discount, unamortized discount, accretion of discount, accrual of discount, accumulation of discount, amortization of discount, amount of discount, discount accretion, discount amortization, discount amount б), discount bond, discount percentage 1) б), discount price, discount securities, discount yield, percentage of discount, discounted price б) premium price б) at a discount 1) б)в) фин., банк. дисконт, скидка (разница между номиналом векселя и суммой, получаемой векселедержателем при учете векселя до наступления срока его погашения)See:bank discount а), banker's discount, amount of discount, discount amount в), discount basis, discount interest rate, discount market 1) в), discount percentage 2) в), discount policy 2) в), discount rate 1) а), 1) б), discount rate of interest, percentage of discount, rate of discount, discounting 1)г) фин., бирж. дисконт, скидка (отклонение в меньшую сторону от официального курса валюты, т. е. ситуация, когда цена одной валюты занижена по отношению к цене другой валюты, напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту)д) фин., банк. дисконт (разница между базовой согласованной суммой кредита и суммой, фактически получаемой заемщиком; в обычных дисконтных кредитах соответствует величине процентов, подлежащих уплате по кредиту; в некоторых кредитах из базовой суммы кредита могут вычитаться дисконтные пункты или другие единовременные вознаграждения и комиссионные, причитающиеся кредитору)See:е) фин. дисконт, скидка (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций меньше базовой рыночной цены; такой дисконт может использоваться в качестве компенсации за узость вторичного рынка для акций, недостаточный размер продаваемого пакета акций для приобретения контроля за предприятием и т. п.)See:discount for lack of control, discount for lack of marketability, key person discount, lack of control discount, lack of marketability discount, marketability discount, minority discount, minority interest discountж) фин. скидка, дисконт (в самом общем смысле: сумма, на которую уменьшена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)Ant:See:acquisition discount б), compound discount, forward discount, interest discount, interest rate discount, loan discount 1) б), 2) б), merchant discount, reinvestment discount, tax discount, underwriter's discount, discount fee 1), 2), discount interest rate, discount mortgage, discount points, discount rate 1) в), 1) г), discount rate of interest, merchant discount fee, rate of discount, discounted mortgage, at a discount 2)2) банк., фин. учет, операция по учету [по дисконту\] (операция, в ходе которой банк или другое финансовое учреждение выкупает вексель или иное долговое обязательство у его держателя по цене, равной номиналу долгового обязательства за вычетом вознаграждения за оставшийся до погашения срок, напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. может продаваться за 90 долл.; впоследствии банк взыскивает полную номинальную стоимость долгового обязательства с лица, выписавшего это долговое обязательство)Syn:discounting 1)See:invoice discount 2) discount broker б), discount credit, discount factoring, discount fee 3) б), discount house 1) б), discount market 1) б), discount period 2) б), discount window, discounter а), discountability, discountable 1) а), bill broker, rediscount 1.3) фин. дисконтирование (определение текущей стоимости актива или текущей стоимости будущих потоков доходов и расходов)Syn:discounting 2)See:discount coefficient, discount factor, discount interest rate, discount rate 2), discount rate of interest, dividend discount model, rate of discount4)а) торг. процент скидки (величина скидки, выраженная в процентах к цене)Syn:б) фин. учетная ставка; ставка дисконта [дисконтирования\]Syn:discount rate 1) а), 1) а), 2) а)See:2. гл.1) торг. предоставлять [делать\] скидку, снижать цену (уменьшать обычную прейскурантную цену для покупателя, приобретающего значительное количество товара, рассчитывающегося наличными и т. п.); продавать со скидкой (уценивать товары, уменьшать цену продаваемых товаров)The shop discounted goods. — Магазин сделал скидку на товары.
to discount from [off\] price — сделать скидку с цены
to discount (by) 10% — делать скидку в размере 10%
Companies discount their goods by 10%-75% only to sell more volume. — Компании предоставляют скидку на свои товары в размере 10-75% [компании снижают цену своих товаров на 10-75%\] только для того, чтобы увеличить объем продаж.
If an item has not sold within two weeks the store discounts the item by 25% for the third week, 50% for the fourth week, and 75% for the fifth week. — Если предмет не продается в течении двух недель, то в течение третьей недели предмет предлагается со скидкой в 25%, в течение четвертой — со скидкой 50%, а в течение пятой — со скидкой 75%.
All items were discounted about 20% from the suggested list prices. — Цена всех товаров была снижена на 20% по сравнению с рекомендованной прейскурантной ценой.
The company discounted prices on its products. — Компания сделала скидку с цены на свои товары.
United discounts the fare by 50%. — "Юнайтед" делает скидку с тарифа в размере 50%.
The one-way fares are now discounted 15% off regular fares. — Стоимость проезда в один конец в настоящее время снижена на 15% по сравнению с обычными тарифами.
This interest rate is discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for an agreed period from the start of the mortgage. — Эта процентная ставка снижена по сравнению с опубликованной стандартной плавающей процентной ставкой банка на оговоренный период, считая от начала действия ипотечного кредита.
discounted mortgage — ипотека с дисконтом*, дисконтная ипотека*
discounted period — период скидки [скидок\]*, период действия скидки*
discounted price — цена со скидкой [с дисконтом\], дисконтная цена
See:discount period 1) б), discounted bond, discounted goods, discounted mortgage, discounted period, discounted price, discounter б), discountable 2) б), non-discountable, undiscounted 1) а), 1) б), discounting 3) б)2) фин., банк. учитыватьа) (приобретать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала, т. е. с дисконтом, с целью последующего взыскания суммы долга с должника)to discount at the rate of 10% — учитывать по ставке 10%
In the same way, circumstances often forced discount houses themselves to discount fine trade bills at the rate for fine bank bills. — Точно также, обстоятельства часто вынуждают сами дисконтные дома учитывать первоклассные торговые векселя по ставке, установленной для первоклассных банковских векселей.
The Federal Reserve was given the right to discount “eligible paper” for member banks, that is lend money to the banks on the basis of the commercial paper arising from loan transactions with their customers. — Федеральной резервной системе было предоставлено право учитывать "приемлемые бумаги" для банков-членов, т. е. давать банкам деньги взаймы на базе коммерческих бумаг, возникающих в связи с кредитными операциями с их клиентами.
б) (продавать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала специализированному финансовому учреждению)to discount the note at 10% — учитывать долговое обязательство под 10%
The company discounted the note at a bank at 10%. — Компания учла долговое обязательство в банке под 10%.
If the vendor receives a note, he may discount it at the bank. — Если торговец получает простой вексель, он может учесть его в банке.
to get a bill discounted — учесть вексель, произвести учет векселя
See:accounts receivable discounted, discounted bill, discounting 1), discountability, discountable 1), discounter 1) а), rediscount 2. 1) а)3) фин., банк. предоставлять дисконтный заем* (получать проценты вперед при даче денег взаймы, т. е. выдавать заемщику не полную оговоренную сумму кредита, а ее часть, оставшуюся после вычета определенного дисконта, и взамен сокращать или аннулировать процентную ставку на весь или часть срока кредита; употребляется всегда с дополнением в виде названия кредита)to discount the loan — предоставлять дисконтный заем, делать заем дисконтным
Negotiate the terms of the loan ( amount, interest rates) first and then lender discounts the loan by charging a fee which will be deducted from the loan amount before being dispersed to the borrower. — Договоритесь об условиях кредитования (сумма, процентные ставки) и потом кредитор сделает заем дисконтным путем взимания платы, которая будет вычтена из суммы займа перед выдачей заемщику.
See:4) фин. дисконтировать ( приводить будущие значения экономических показателей к текущей стоимости)to discount at a rate of 10% — дисконтировать по ставке 10%
Discount future cash flows to the present using the firm's cost of capital. — Приведите будущие денежные потоки к текущей стоимости, используя стоимость капитала фирмы.
To adjust for the time value of money, we discounted future costs to present value. — Чтобы осуществить корректировку на временную стоимость денег, мы привели будущие затраты к текущей стоимости.
We discount future cash flows by an interest rate that has been adjusted for risk. — Мы дисконтируем будущие денежные потоки, используя процентную ставку, скорректированную на риск.
The taxpayer must continue to discount the unpaid losses attributable to proportional reinsurance from pre-1988 accident years using the discount factors that were used in determining tax reserves for the 1987 tax year. — Налогоплательщик должен продолжать дисконтировать неоплаченные убытки, относящиеся к пропорциональному перестрахованию за годы убытка, предшествующие 1988 г., используя коэффициенты дисконтирования, которые применялись при определении налоговых резервов на 1987 налоговый год.
When comparing projects with different risk levels, it is best to discount each project's cash flows at its own discount rate and then compare the NPVs. — При сравнении проектов с разным уровнем риска, лучше всего произвести дисконтирование [продисконтировать\] денежные потоки каждого проекта по своей собственной ставке дисконтирования и затем сравнить чистую приведенную стоимость.
discounted cash flow — дисконтированный [приведенный\] денежный поток
discounted payback period — дисконтированный срок [период\] окупаемости
See:discounted cash flow, discounted game, discounted payback, discounted payback period, discounted present value, discounted value, present discounted value, discounting 2), discount rate 2), present value, discounted future earnings method, discounting 2), undiscounted 2)5) общ. не принимать в расчет, игнорировать, пропускать, опускать; относиться скептически, не принимать на веру, сомневаться в правдивостиto discount smb's opinion — игнорировать чье-л. мнение
They discount my opinion. — Они не принимают в расчет мое мнение.
We had already discounted the theory that they were involved. — Мы уже оставили идею об их причастности.
By stressing one factor, each theory discounts the others. — Выделяя один фактор, каждая теория оставляет без внимания остальные.
Democratic theory discounts the notion that allocation of scarce resources is the result of natural forces. — Демократическая теория игнорирует представление о том, что распределение редких ресурсов является результатом действия естественных сил.
Knowing his political bias they discounted most of his story. — Зная о его политических пристрастиях, они сомневались в правдивости большей части его истории.
Many people discount the value of statistical analysis. — Многие люди недооценивают статистический анализ.
6) бирж. учитывать* (обычно используется в биржевом контексте, указывая на то, что плохие или хорошие новости о компании-эмитенте, отдельной отрасли, экономике в целом либо ожидания получения таких новостей учитываются участниками рынка при определении курсов ценных бумаг, вызывая соответственно понижение или повышение курсов)Many traders don't realize the news they hear and read has, in many cases, already been discounted by the market. — Многие трейдеры не осознают, что новости, о которых они услышали или прочитали, уже были учтены рынком.
Technology stocks discounted a lot of bad news from abroad. — Акции технологических компаний отреагировали на обилие плохих новостей из-за границы.
The bear market ends when at least most of the bad news is finally discounted by the market. — "Медвежий" рынок заканчивается, когда, по крайней мере, большая часть из плохих новостей наконец учитывается рынком.
In the United States, the stock market double discounts expected inflation, first through long term bond yields and second through relative stock prices. — В Соединенных Штатах, фондовый рынок дважды учитывает ожидаемую инфляцию, во-первых, в доходности долгосрочных облигаций, а во-вторых, в ценах на соответствующие акции.
These stock prices are discounting anticipated massive increases in profits for the S&P 500 companies in the future. — Цены акций учитывают ожидаемый в будущем массовый рост прибылей компаний, включаемых в расчет индекса "Стандард энд Пурз 500".
Today’s prices are discounting all future events, not only today’s news. — Сегодняшние цены учитывают все будущие события, а не только сегодняшние новости.
See:
* * *
discount (Dis; Disct) 1) дисконт, скидка: разница между ценой эмиссии ценной бумаги или кредита (номиналом или ценой погашения) и ее текущей рыночной ценой или разница между наличным и срочным валютными курсами; 2) учет векселей: операция купли-продажи векселей по номиналу минус вознаграждение за оставшийся до погашения срок (напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. продается за 90 долл.); 3) скидка с цены товара (или возврат, напр., в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж); см. cash discount; 4) учет информации об определенном событии в движении цен, ставок, в т. ч. до его наступления; 5) соотношение между двумя валютами; напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту; 6) определить текущую стоимость актива, который имеет определенную стоимость на определенную дату в будущем.* * *вычет (процентов); дисконт; скидка; учет (векселя), учетный процент. Относится к цене продажи облигации. Цена ниже номинальной стоимости. См. также Premium (премия) . (1) The amount a price would be reduced to purchase a commodity of lesser grade; (2) sometimes used to refer to the price differences between futures of different delivery months, as in the phrase "July is trading at a discount to May," indicating that the price of the July future is lower than that of May; (3) applied to cash grain prices that are below the futures price. Словарь экономических терминов .* * *особое условие договора купли-продажи, определяющее размер снижения (уменьшения) исходной (базисной) цены сделки-----Финансы/Кредит/Валюта1. учет векселя2. процент, взимаемый банками при учете векселей3. скидка с цены валюты в валютных сделках -
7 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
8 üblich
üblich adj GEN widespread, customary, normal, usual, standard • unter dem üblichen Vorbehalt RECHT with the usual proviso • zu den üblichen Fristen GEN on usual terms* * *adj < Geschäft> widespread, customary, normal, usual, standard ■ unter dem üblichen Vorbehalt < Recht> with the usual proviso ■ zu den üblichen Fristen < Geschäft> on usual terms* * *üblich
general, traditional, customary, conventional, usual, in use, standard, ordinary;
• im ordentlichen kaufmännischen Leben üblich sein to be consistent with sound commercial practice;
• üblicher Auftrag standard order;
• zu den üblichen Bedingungen on the usual terms;
• übliche Gebühr (Bank) usual charge;
• üblicher Geschäftsablauf usual course of employer’s trade;
• übliche Geschenke customary gifts;
• üblicher Lohn prevailing rate, going wage;
• übliches Muster conventional design;
• übliche Praxis familiar practice;
• übliche Rechnung ordinary bill;
• üblicher Schadenersatz general damages;
• im Verkehr übliche Sorgfalt ordinary care;
• übliche Tagesordnung ordinary business;
• übliche Tara customary tare;
• übliches Verfahren standard practice;
• im üblichen Verfahren herstellen to produce in the ordinary way;
• unter dem üblichen Vorbehalt under the usual proviso;
• übliches Vorratslager regular stock;
• üblicher Wechselkurs usual rate of exchange;
• übliche Zahlungsbedingungen standard payment clauses, usual terms of payment;
• üblicher Zinssatz standard interest, conventional rate of interest. -
9 value
ˈvælju:
1. сущ.
1) а) ценность;
справедливое возмещение, справедливая оценка Syn: merit б) мн. достоинства, ценности to cherish values, to foster values ≈ культивировать, пропагандировать какие-л. ценности enduring values ≈ стойкие принципы Victorian values ≈ устои викторианского общества cultural values ≈ культурные ценности moral values ≈ моральные ценности sense of values ≈ моральные критерии spiritual values ≈ духовные ценности
2) а) стоимость, цена at a certain value ≈ по определенной цене contract value of the goods ≈ стоимость товаров по контракту to place, put, set a value on ≈ назначить цену They paid him the value of his lost property. ≈ Они возместили ему стоимость его пропавшего имущества. assessed value book value cash value face value fair value intrinsic value market value nominal value present value token value б) экон. стоимость surplus value ≈ прибавочная стоимость exchange value ≈ меновая стоимость
3) а) значение, смысл( о слове) to acquire value, take on value ≈ приобретать значение, приобретать смысл a discovery of great value ≈ очень важное открытие;
открытие, имеющее большое значение to attach value to ≈ придавать значение чему-л. б) мат., комп. величина, значение absolute value ≈ абсолютная величина, абсолютное значение numerical value ≈ численное значение в) муз. длительность (ноты) г) живоп. сочетание света и тени в картине
2. гл.
1) оценивать, производить оценку, устанавливать цену to value a painting at five thousand pounds ≈ оценить картину в пять тысяч фунтов
2) дорожить, ценить, быть высокого мнения, отдавать должное to value highly, to value very much ≈ высоко ценить кого-л./что-л. to value smb. as a friend ≈ считать кого-л. другом He values himself on his genealogy. ≈ Он гордится своей родословной. ценность;
важность;
полезность - the * of exercise важное значение моциона - to set a high * on smth. высоко ценить что-л.;
придавать большое значение чему-л.;
дорожить чем-л. - to set a low * on smth. считать несущественным что-л., не придавать большого значения чему-л. - to set too high a * upon smth. переоценивать что-л. - to know the * of time ценить свое время - he had nothing of * to say он не сказал ничего интересного pl ценности - moral *s моральные ценности - sense of *s моральные критерии;
этическое сознание;
представление о добре и зле - to seek material *s instead of human стремиться к материальным, а не к общечеловеческим ценностям значение, смысл (слова) - to give full * to each word чеканить слова - the precise * of a word точный смысл слова - the word is used with all its poetic * слово используестя во всей его поэтической силе ценность, стоимость - to pay the * of lost property полностью возместить стоимость утраченного имущества - * journey путешествие, оправдывающее затраты - * for money ценность в сравнении с уплаченной суммой - he gives you * for your money за ваши деньги вы получаете от него хороший товар;
сделка выгодна - he got good * for him money он удачно купил (что-л.) (экономика) цена;
стоимость (в денежном выражении) - * letter ценное письмо - сommercial * рыночная стоимость;
продажная цена - market * курсовая стоимость;
рыночная стоимость - nominal * наричательная цена;
номинальная стоимость, номинал - current *s существующие цены;
текущие показатели - declared * объявленная стоимость( в таможенной декларации) - at * по цене - under * ниже стоимости - * of gold стоимость золота - in terms of * в стоимостном выражении - to lose in * упасть в цене - jewels to the * of four thousand dollars драгоценности стоимостью в 4 тысячи долларов - the * of a dollar fluctuates покупательная сила доллара колеблется (политика) (экономика) стоимость - exchange * меновая стоимость - surplus * прибавочная стоимость (финансовое) валюта;
сумма векселя или тратты;
эквивалент( суммы векселя) - * date срок векселя;
дата зачисления денег на банковский счет - for * received эквивалент получен (фраза в тексте тратты) (специальное) величина, значение - absolute * абсолютная величина, абсолютное значение - initial * исходная величина;
данное значение - iodine * йодное число - crest * амплитуда;
амплитудное, пиковое значение - heating * теплотворная способность - numerical * (математика) численное значение - radiation * коэффициент излучения - geographical *s географические координаты - Greenwich * (география) долгота от Гринвичского меридиана - field *s полевые данные, даные полевого журнала - to throw away a * пренебречь какой-л. величиной( музыкальное) длительность ноты или паузы (искусство) валер;
соотношение тонов - * of colour, colour * интенсивность цвета;
насыщенность цветового тона - out of * слишком темно;
слишком светло (фонетика) качество - acute accent has not always the same * острое ударение не всегда одного качества > to accept smth. at face * принимать что-л. за чистую монету;
понимать буквально оценивать, давать оценку( в денежном выражении) - to * a house at оценить дом в 800 ф. ст. - I do not * that a brass farthing по-моему, это гроша ломаного не стоит оценивать, определять значение, полезность и т. п. дорожить, ценить - to * oneself on smth. гордиться чем-л. - to * smth. above rubies ценить что-л. дороже золота - I * your friendship я ценю вашу дружбу, я дорожу дружбой с вами( финансовое) трассировать, выставлять вексель или тратту - to * on a person трассировать на кого-л.;
выставить вексель или тратту на кого-л. absolute ~ абсолютная величина access ~ вчт. ссылочное значение accounting par ~ учет по номинальной стоимости acquisition ~ стоимость покупки acquisition ~ цена покупки acquisition ~ ценность приобретения actual ~ действительная стоимость actual ~ действительная ценность actual ~ вчт. истинное значение actual ~ реализованная стоимость actual ~ реальная ценность actual ~ фактический показатель added ~ добавленная стоимость added ~ добавочная стоимость added ~ добавочная ценность added ~ стоимость, добавленная обработкой additional ~ дополнительная стоимость additional ~ дополнительная ценностть additive ~ аддитивная величина advertising ~ стоимость рекламы advertising ~ ценность рекламы aggregate ~ совокупная стоимость agreed ~ согласованная стоимость amortized book ~ остаточная стоимость списанного имущества annual current ~ годовая текущая стоимость appraised ~ оценочная стоимость appraised ~ стоимость по оценке appreciated ~ высокая ценность arbitrary ~ условная стоимость assessed cash ~ недв. денежная стоимость по оценке assessed cash ~ недв. оценочная стоимость в наличных деньгах assessed site ~ налог. оценка участка для застройки assessed ~ налог. оценка стоимости assessed ~ налог. оценочная стоимость assessed ~ налог. стоимость по оценке assessed ~ ценность assessment ~ налог. оценочная стоимость asymptotic ~ асимптотическое значение asymptotically optimum ~ асимптотически оптимальное значение at par ~ по номинальной стоимости at par ~ по паритету attribute ~ вчт. значение атрибута barter ~ стоимость бартерного обмена bona fide purchaser for ~ добросовестный покупатель на возмездных началах bona fide purchaser for ~ добросовестный покупатель при встречном удовлетворении book ~ балансовая стоимость активов book ~ нетто-активы book ~ нетто-капитал book ~ остаточная стоимость основного капитала book ~ полная стоимость капитала book ~ стоимость чистых активов компании в расчете на одну акцию booked ~ нетто-капитал boolean ~ вчт. логическое значение break-up ~ капитал компании break-up ~ разница между активами и текущими обязательствами break-up ~ разница между заемным капиталом и привилегированными акциями budgeted ~ сметная стоимость business ~ ценность бизнеса by ~ вчт. по значению calculated ~ вчт. расчетное значение capital ~ величина капитала capital ~ стоимость капитального имущества capital ~ стоимость основного капитала capitalized earnings ~ дисконтированная стоимость доходов capitalized ~ дисконтированная стоимость capitalized ~ of potential earnings дисконтированная стоимость потенциальных доходов carrying ~ балансовая стоимость активов carrying ~ нетто-активы carrying ~ остаточная стоимость основного капитала carrying ~ чистый капитал cash property ~ стоимость имущества в наличных деньгах cash surrender ~ выкупная стоимость cash ~ денежная стоимость cash ~ денежная ценность cash ~ стоимость в наличных деньгах certainty ~ вероятность certainty ~ значение показателя достоверности check ~ вчт. контрольное число clearance ~ стоимость реализации collateral ~ дополнительная ценность color ~ вчт. код цвета commercial ~ коммерческая ценность commercial ~ продажная цена commercial ~ рыночная стоимость commercial ~ стоимость по продажным ценам communication ~ стоимость передачи рекламы compulsory purchase ~ стоимость конфискованной собственности conditional expected ~ условное математическое ожидание conditionally optimal ~ условнооптимальное значение constant ~ постоянная стоимость control ~ вчт. контрольное значение conversion ~ конверсионная стоимость conversion ~ стоимость, созданная путем превращения одной формы собственности в другую cost ~ величина издержек cost ~ величина расходов cost ~ первоначальная стоимость cost ~ себестоимость cost ~ стоимость издержек credibility ~ степень доверия critical ~ критическое значение ~ pl ценности, достоинства;
cultural values культурные ценности;
sense of values моральные критерии current market ~ цен. бум. текущая курсовая стоимость current market ~ цен.бум. текущая рыночная стоимость current ~ действующая величина current ~ приведенная стоимость current ~ существующая цена current ~ существующая ценность current ~ текущая стоимость current ~ текущее значение customs ~ таможенная ценность customs ~ ценность ввозимых товаров, определенная таможней declared ~ заявленая ценность declared ~ объявленная ценность default ~ вчт. значение, присваиваемое по умолчанию default ~ значение по умолчанию depreciable ~ остаточная стоимость design ~ расчетное значение desired ~ ожидаемое значение distributional ~ распределенная стоимость domain ~ вчт. значение домена dutiable ~ ценность, подлежащая обложению пошлиной earned ~ прибавочная стоимость earning capacity ~ величина потенциального дохода индивидуумов effective ~ действительная ценность effective ~ эффективное значение empty ~ фиктивное значение end ~ конечное значение entered ~ сумма, внесенная в бухгалтерский отчет equity ~ стоимость акционерного капитала equity ~ стоимость обыкновенной акции equivalent ~ эквивалентная стоимость equivalent ~ эквивалентное значение esthetic ~ эстетическая ценность estimated ~ оценка стоимости estimated ~ рассчитанная ценность estimated ~ расчетная стоимость evidentiary ~ доказательное значение excess ~ чрезмерная величина exchange ~ меновая стоимость exchange ~ of goods supplied меновая стоимость поставленных товаров expectation ~ математическое ожидание expectation ~ стат. ожидаемое значение expected ~ математическое ожидание expected ~ ожидаемое значение external ~ интернациональная стоимость extreme ~ экстремальное значение fair ~ стоимость в текущих ценах fictitious ~ фиктивная величина fictitious ~ фиктивная стоимость final ~ окончательное значение final ~ результирующее значение financial reduction in ~ снижение финансовой стоимости finite ~ конечное значение fitted ~ подобранное значение fixed ~ фиксированная стоимость fixup ~ координаты местоположения free mortgageable ~ свободно закладываемая ценность to get good ~ for one's money получить сполна за свои деньги, выгодно купить;
to go down in value понизиться в цене, подешеветь;
обесцениться ~ значение, смысл (слова) ;
to give full value to each word отчеканивать слова given ~ заданная величина to get good ~ for one's money получить сполна за свои деньги, выгодно купить;
to go down in value понизиться в цене, подешеветь;
обесцениться going concern ~ стоимость действующего предприятия good ~ стоимость товара gross book ~ валовая стоимость капитала gross book ~ первоначальная стоимость основного капитала gross book ~ полная стоимость капитала gross book ~ полная стоимость основных производственных фондов gross book ~ стоимость в ценах приобретения gross residual ~ валовая ликвидационная стоимость gross residual ~ валовая остаточная стоимость основного капитала hack ~ вчт. программистский трюк ~ дорожить, ценить;
he values himself on his knowledge он гордится своими знаниями;
I do not value that a brass farthing = помоему, это гроша ломаного не стоит heating ~ теплотворная способность high ~ верхнее значение human ~ человеческая ценность hypothetical ~ гипотетическое значение ~ дорожить, ценить;
he values himself on his knowledge он гордится своими знаниями;
I do not value that a brass farthing = помоему, это гроша ломаного не стоит improvement ~ стоимость усовершенствования imputed rent ~ оценочная стоимость ренты imputed rent ~ расчетная стоимость ренты increment ~ величина прироста informative ~ ценность информации initial ~ начальное значение input ~ вчт. входная величина insurable ~ страховая стоимость insurable ~ ценность, могущая быть застрахованной insured ~ застрахованная стоимость insured ~ застрахованная ценность insured ~ страховая оценка intangible ~ стоимость нематериальных активов integral ~ целое число integral ~ целочисленное значение internal ~ стоимость на внутреннем рынке interpolated ~ интерполированное значение intrinsic ~ внутренняя ценность intrinsic ~ действительная стоимость inventory ~ инвентарная ценность invoice ~ стоимость согласно счету-фактуре item ~ значение элемента данных junk ~ стоимость утиля land expectation ~ ожидаемая стоимость земли land ~ стоимость земельной собственности land ~ стоимость земли lending ~ стоимость ссуды letting ~ размер арендной платы limit ~ предельное значение liquidation ~ ликвидационная стоимость liquidation ~ стоимость реализации loan ~ максимальный размер кредита брокеру в форме процента от стоимости ценных бумаг loan ~ размер кредита loan ~ стоимость займа loan ~ стоимость кредита loan ~ сумма, которую кредитор готов предоставить под данное обеспечение loan ~ сумма, которая может быть получена страхователем loan ~ сумма займа lose ~ обесцениваться low ~ нижнее значение maintained ~ поддерживаемая стоимость market ~ биржевая стоимость market ~ курсовая стоимость market ~ меновая стоимость market ~ рыночная стоимость market-to-book ~ отношение рыночной цены акции к ее первоначальной стоимости marketable ~ курсовая стоимость marketable ~ рыночная стоимость material ~ материальная ценность mathematical ~ математическая величина maximum ~ максимальная стоимость maximum ~ максимальная ценность mean ~ математическое ожидание mean ~ среднее mean ~ среднее значение median ~ медиана minimum ~ минимальная стоимость modal ~ вчт. мода modal ~ наиболее вероятное значение monetary ~ денежная ценность money ~ денежная оценка money ~ денежная ценность money ~ оценка в денежном выражении money ~ оценка в ценностном выражении net asset ~ стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств net asset ~ чистая номинальная стоимость активов net book ~ балансовая стоимость активов net book ~ нетто-активы net book ~ нетто-капитал net book ~ остаточная стоимость основного капитала net book ~ полная стоимость капитала net book ~ полная стоимость основных производственных фондов net book ~ чистая стоимость капитала net book ~ чистый капитал net capital ~ чистая стоимость реального основного капитала net realizable ~ чистая реализуемая стоимость net replacement ~ чистая восстановительная стоимость net replacement ~ чистая стоимость страхового возмещения net ~ стоимость нетто net ~ чистая стоимость no commercial ~ (NCV) не имеет коммерческой ценности no customs ~ таможенной пошлиной не облагается nominal ~ нарицательная цена nominal ~ номинал nominal ~ номинальная величина nominal ~ номинальная стоимость nominal ~ номинальная ценность nonguaranteed residual ~ негарантированная остаточная стоимость normal market ~ нормальная рыночная стоимость novelty ~ стоимость новинки numerical ~ численная величина numerical ~ численное значение numerical ~ числовое значение observed ~ наблюденная величина ~ ценность;
of no value нестоящий, не имеющий ценности;
to put much (little) value (upon smth.) высоко (низко) ценить (что-л.) of no ~ не имеющий ценности operating ~ стоимость основной деятельности original ~ первоначальная стоимость ostensible ~ мнимая ценность overall ~ полная стоимость paid-up policy ~ стоимость оплаченного страхового полиса par ~ номинал par ~ номинальная стоимость par ~ номинальная стоимость облигации par ~ номинальная стоимость ценной бумаги par ~ паритет par ~ паритет валюты permissible ~ допустимое значение portfolio ~ стоимость портфеля ценных бумаг possess the ~ принимать значение present utilization ~ текущая потребительская стоимость present ~ настоящая ценность present ~ текущая стоимость present ~ текущая цена price-to-book ~ остаточная стоимость основного капитала principal ~ номинальная стоимость probative ~ доказательная ценность production ~ стоимость продукции productive ~ производственная ценность property tax ~ оценка недвижимости для налогообложения property tax ~ стоимость имущества, облагаемая налогом property ~ стоимость недвижимости public assessment ~ стоимость при государственной оценке publicity ~ значение рекламы ~ ценность;
of no value нестоящий, не имеющий ценности;
to put much (little) value (upon smth.) высоко (низко) ценить (что-л.) quotation ~ бирж. котировочная стоимость quoted ~ объявленная ценность rateable ~ облагаемая стоимость real estate ~ стоимость недвижимости real property ~ стоимость недвижимости real ~ действительная стоимость, ценность real ~ реальная стоимость real ~ реальная ценность realizable ~ достижимая величина realizable ~ реализуемая стоимость realization ~ реализованная стоимость realization ~ цена фактической продажи realized ~ достигнутая величина reciprocal ~ обратная величина recovery ~ возможная стоимость при продаже объекта основного капитала recovery ~ ликвидационная стоимость redemption ~ выкупная стоимость reduction ~ величина скидки reduction ~ величина снижения reference ~ исходная стоимость reinstatement ~ восстановительная стоимость rental ~ величина арендной платы rental ~ расчетная арендная плата replacement ~ восстановительная стоимость replacement ~ оценка по восстановительной стоимости replacement ~ стоимость страхового возмещения repurchase ~ выкупная стоимость residual ~ ликвидационная стоимость residual ~ остаточная стоимость основного капитала reversion ~ стоимость возврата rounded ~ округленное значение saddle ~ седловое значение sales ~ общая стоимость продаж sales ~ общая стоимость проданных товаров salvage ~ стоимость спасенного имущества salvage ~ сумма, которую можно выручить за спасенное имущество в случае его немедленной реализации salvaged ~ стоимость спасенного имущества sample ~ выборочное значение scalar ~ скалярная величина scrap ~ стоимость изделия, сдаваемого в утиль scrap ~ стоимость лома scrap ~ стоимость металлического лома scrap ~ стоимость скрапа search ~ искомое значение selling ~ продажная цена ~ pl ценности, достоинства;
cultural values культурные ценности;
sense of values моральные критерии sentimental ~ чувствительность set ~ заданное значение shareholder ~ биржевая стоимость акции significance ~ уровень значимости significant ~ значимая величина site ~ стоимость строительной площадки smoothed ~ сглаженное значение soil expectation ~ ожидаемая ценность почвы stated ~ объявленная ценность steady-state ~ стационарное значение stepped-up ~ добавленная стоимость stock ~ стоимость акций stock ~ стоимость запасов street ~ внебиржевая стоимость table ~ табличное значение tabular ~ табличное значение tangible ~ стоимость реальных активов taxable ~ облагаемая налогом стоимость активов taxable ~ стоимость, подлежащая налогообложению text ~ вчт. текстовое значение theoretical ~ теоретическая стоимость ~ стоимость;
цена;
справедливое возмещение;
they paid him the value of his lost property они возместили ему стоимость его пропавшего имущества threshold limit ~ нижнее пороговое значение threshold ~ пороговое значение today's ~ сегодняшняя стоимость total ~ общая величина trade ~ продажная цена trade ~ рыночная стоимость trade ~ торговая ценность tradeable ~ продажная цена tradeable ~ рыночная стоимость traffic ~ вчт. нагрузка линии связи transaction ~ рыночная стоимость transactions ~ рыночная стоимость trend ~ значение тренда trifling ~ незначительная стоимость true ~ истинная ценность true ~ истинное значение truth ~ истинностное значение unit ~ средняя цена единицы продукции unit ~ средняя цена товарной единицы unit ~ стоимость единичного изделия unmortgaged property ~ стоимость незаложенного имущества unsigned ~ вчт. величина без знака use ~ потребительская стоимость utility ~ стоимость использования utilization ~ стоимость использования valley ~ значение в низшей точке кривой value важность ~ валюта (векселя), сумма векселя ~ валюта ~ мат. величина, значение ~ величина ~ выставлять вексель, трассировать ~ выставлять вексель ~ выставлять тратту ~ муз. длительность (ноты) ~ дорожить, ценить;
he values himself on his knowledge он гордится своими знаниями;
I do not value that a brass farthing = помоему, это гроша ломаного не стоит ~ значение, смысл (слова) ;
to give full value to each word отчеканивать слова ~ значение ~ оценивать ~ оценка ~ производить оценку ~ жив. сочетание света и тени в картине ~ эк. стоимость;
surplus (exchange) value прибавочная (меновая) стоимость ~ стоимость;
цена;
справедливое возмещение;
they paid him the value of his lost property они возместили ему стоимость его пропавшего имущества ~ стоимость ~ сумма векселя ~ сумма тратты ~ трассировать ~ цена ~ ценить ~ pl ценности, достоинства;
cultural values культурные ценности;
sense of values моральные критерии ~ ценность;
of no value нестоящий, не имеющий ценности;
to put much (little) value (upon smth.) высоко (низко) ценить (что-л.) ~ ценность, стоимость ~ ценность ~ эквивалент суммы векселя;
встречное удовлетворение ~ эквивалент суммы векселя ~ at point of entry стоимость в момент поступления ~ at selling price стоимость по продажной цене ~ in use потребительная стоимость ~ of bond drawn стоимость облигации с фиксированной ставкой, которая по жребию предназначена к погашению ~ of building стоимость здания ~ of building стоимость сооружения ~ of collateral стоимость залога ~ of domestic sales стоимость внутреннего товарооборота ~ of exemption сумма вычета ~ of function значение функции ~ of game вчт. цена игры ~ of human life ценность человеческой жизни ~ of imports стоимость импорта ~ of material стоимость материала ~ of money стоимость денег ~ of note стоимость банкноты ~ of note стоимость простого векселя ~ of property in litigation стоимость имущества, оспариваемого в судебном порядке ~ of ship and freight стоимость судна и груза ~ of tax deduction сумма скидки с налога ~ of vessel and freight стоимость судна и груза ~ on balance sheet date стоимость на дату представления балансового отчета vector ~ векторная величина virtual ~ действующее значение weighted ~ стат. взвешенное значение weighted ~ взвешенное значение wild ~ аномальное значение wild ~ резко отклоняющееся значение winding up ~ стоимость активов при ликвидации компании write-down ~ величина списанной стоимости write-up ~ завышенная стоимость written down ~ остаточная стоимость имущества written-up ~ стоимость списанного имущества yield ~ выход (продукта) zero salvage ~ невозможность реализации объекта основного капитала при выбытии zero salvage ~ нулевая ликвидационная стоимость zero salvage ~ нулевая стоимость объекта основного капитала при выбытии zero ~ нулевое значение -
10 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
11 valor
intj.cheer up.m.1 value.de valor valuablejoyas por valor de… jewels worth…sin valor worthlesstiene valor sentimental it is of sentimental valuesin el sello oficial carece de o no tiene valor it is not valid without the official sealvalor adquisitivo purchasing powervalor comercial commercial valuevalor nominal face o nominal valuevalor nutritivo nutritional value2 value (math & music).3 importance (importancia).su opinión es de enorme valor para nosotros her opinion is of great value o importance to usdar valor a to give o attach importance toquitar valor a algo to take away from something, to diminish the importance of something4 bravery, courage.armarse de valor to pluck up one's courage5 cheek, nerve (desvergüenza).tener el valor de hacer algo to have the cheek o nerve to do something6 asset, security.* * *1 (valía) value, worth, merit2 (precio) price3 (validez) value4 (importancia) importance5 (coraje) courage, valour (US valor)6 (desvergüenza) cheek, nerve7 (talento) talent8 MATEMÁTICAS value1 FINANZAS securities, bonds2 (principios) values\armarse de valor to pluck up couragedar valor a algo to attach importance to somethingde valor valuablepor el valor de to the value of¡qué valor! what a nerve!quitar valor a algo to reduce the value of somethingsin valor / sin ningún valor worthlessvalor adquisitivo purchasing powervalor alimenticio food value, nutritional valuevalor de mercado market valuevalor nominal (de cheque) face valuevalores en cartera investmentsvalores inmuebles real estate sing* * *noun m.1) value, worth2) courage, heart, nerve•- valores* * *SM1) (Com, Econ) value¿cuál es el valor real de ese cuadro? — what's this painting worth in real terms?, what's the real value of this painting?
un documento de gran valor — a very valuable document, a document of great value
•
de valor — [joya, obra] valuable•
objetos de valor — valuables•
por valor de — to the value ofun cheque por valor de 500 euros — a cheque for the sum of o to the value of 500 euros
ha habido pérdidas por valor de diez millones de euros — there have been losses of ten million euros
valor estrella — blue-chip stock, blue-chip share
valor facial — face value, denomination
2) (=importancia) valueeste anillo tiene un gran valor para mí — this ring means a great deal to me, this ring is very valuable to me
•
dar valor a algo, lo que le da valor musical a este trabajo es su originalidad — it is the originality of this work that gives it its musical worth o value•
quitar valor a algo — to minimize the importance of sthvalor alimenticio — nutritional value, food value
3) pl valoresa) (=principios) valuesescala 1), juicio 3)b) (Econ) (=títulos) securities, stocks, bondsvalores fiduciarios — fiduciary issue [sing], banknotes
valores inmuebles — real estate [sing]
4) (=persona famosa) star5) (=validez) validity•
tener valor — to be valid6) (en una escala) levellas temperaturas han alcanzado valores superiores a los normales — temperatures have reached higher than normal levels
se han medido valores de 80 litros por metro cúbico — levels of 80 litres per cubic metre have been recorded
7) (Mat) value8) (Mús) value9) (=coraje) bravery, courageel valor de los soldados — the bravery o courage of the soldiers
•
armarse de valor — to pluck up (the) courage10) * (=descaro) nerve *¿cómo puedes tener el valor de negarlo? — how do you have the nerve to deny it? *
* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) valuelibros por valor de $150 — books to the value of $150
droga por (un) valor de... — drugs worth o with a value of...
b) (importancia, mérito) value¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? — what merit is there in it if he copied it?
c) ( validez) validity2) valores masculino plural (Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)3) ( persona)4) valores masculino plural ( principios morales) values (pl)5) (coraje, valentía) courage6) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq)* * *1)a) (Com, Fin) valuelibros por valor de $150 — books to the value of $150
droga por (un) valor de... — drugs worth o with a value of...
b) (importancia, mérito) value¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? — what merit is there in it if he copied it?
c) ( validez) validity2) valores masculino plural (Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)3) ( persona)4) valores masculino plural ( principios morales) values (pl)5) (coraje, valentía) courage6) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq)* * *valor11 = courage, guts, spunk, bravery.Ex: In this novel the central themes are courage and cowardice and what these are.
Ex: Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.Ex: In her youth, as in her adult years, she was a person with spunk.Ex: Contributing to the problem are the harsh desert environment, & a society based on patriarchy, in which a code of honor, esprit de corps, & bravery takes precedence over intelligence & culture.* armarse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage, pluck up + courage, nerve + Reflexivo, gather up + courage.* con valor = valiantly.* demostrar + Posesivo + valor = prove + Posesivo + value, prove + Posesivo + worth, prove + Reflexivo, show + Posesivo + worth, prove + Posesivo + courage.* echar valor = pluck up + courage, muster (up) + (the) courage, gather up + courage.* falta de valor = act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.* hacerse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage.* perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.* tener el valor = have + the courage.* tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.* tener valor = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.valor22 = attribute value, esteem, value, value, worth, worthiness, goodness.Ex: Others have used possibility distributions for representing fuzzily known or incompletely known attribute values.
Ex: The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.Ex: A good initial value for this field will start the system off with a good guess so that claims for missing issues are not unreasonable at the beginning.Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.Ex: The circulation of large numbers of books regardless of their worth to multitudes of people is no better criterion of mental health than is the profitable sale of quack medicines evidence of bodily health.Ex: Another goal of terrorism is to demonstrate to terrorists their own worthiness and thus to claim a sort of moral victory over their enemies.Ex: Measurement in and of itself is neutral and cannot indicate ' goodness' or 'badness' = La medición en sí misma es neutral y no puede indicar lo bueno o malo que algo es.* adición de valor = value adding.* adquirir un valor añadido = take on + added weight.* asignar valor a = attach + value to.* aumentar de valor = increase in + value.* bolsa de valores = stock exchange, stock market, share market.* Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).* cadena de valores = value chain.* carecer de valor = have + a hollow ring.* carente de valor = worthless.* centrado en los valores = value-driven.* código de valores = code of values.* conflicto de valores = conflict of values.* con juicio de valor = value-loaded.* conjunto de valores = set of values.* contabilidad de valores devengados = accrual accounting.* con valores difusos = fuzzy-valued.* conversión en valor monetario = monetisation [monetization, -USA].* convertido en valor monetario = monetised [monetized, -pl.].* convertir en valor monetario = monetise [monetize, -USA].* dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.* dar valor = imbue with + value.* de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.* de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.* de incalculable valor = priceless.* de poco valor = a dime a dozen.* descomposición por valores simples = singular value decomposition.* de valor = of value.* de valor añadido = value-added, value-adding.* de valor equiparable = of comparable worth.* de valor incalculable = invaluable.* disminuir el valor de = belittle.* edificio de valor histórico = heritage-listed building.* emitir un juicio de valor = exercise + value judgment, pass + value judgement.* enfrentamiento de valores = conflict of values.* escala de valores = graded range, set of values.* establecer valores = establish + values.* falta de valor = worthlessness.* forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.* hacer prevaler las ideas y valores de uno mismo = assert + own ideas and values.* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.* igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.* impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).* juicio de valor = value judgement.* mercado de valores = stock market, share market.* método del Valor de Discriminación (DV) = Discrimination Value model (DV).* minar los valores tradicionales = undermine + traditional values.* no tener valor = be valueless.* nuevo valor = newcomer.* objeto de valor = valuable.* objeto de valor cultural = cultural valuable.* objetos de valor = valuables.* perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.* pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.* pez de valor = game fish.* por valor de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.* quitar el valor = render + valueless.* quitar valor = devalue, deflate.* reducir el valor = reduce + value.* regla del valor literal = face value rule.* ser de poco valor = be of little use, be of little value.* ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.* servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).* sin valor = dummy, worthless, valueless, drossy.* sistema de valores = system of values, value system.* sistema de valores personales = personal value system.* sistema de valores sociales = social value system.* tener poco valor = be of little value.* tener un valor especial = be of particular value.* tener valor = count.* valor afectivo del servicio = affect of service.* valor añadido = added benefit, added value.* valor atípico = outlier.* valor característico = eigenvalue.* valor comercial = marketing value, commercial paper.* valor cultural = cultural value.* valor de la novedad = novelty value.* valor de la propiedad = property value.* valor de ley = force of law.* valor de ordenación = filing value.* valor de pertinencia = estimation of relevance.* valor de predicción = predictive power.* valor de retención = retention value.* valor económico = monetary value, economic value, monetary worth.* valor efectivo = cash value.* valores = assets, ethos, equities, equity shares.* valores agregados = value chain.* valores añadidos = value chain.* valores de la bolsa = stock prices, stock market quotations.* valores familiares = family values.* valor específico = weight, weighting.* valores y normas de comportamiento de los miembros de una instutición = corporate culture.* valor ético = ethical value.* valor fundamental = asset.* valor global = overall value.* valor humano = human value.* valor intrínsico = intrinsic worth.* valor máximo = high-water mark.* valor medicinal = medicinal value.* valor medio = midrange, mean value.* valor mínimo = low-water mark.* valor monetario = monetary value, monetary worth.* valor moral = moral value.* valor numérico = numerical value.* valor numérico exacto = crisp value.* valor nutritivo = nutritional value, nutrient value.* valor político = political value.* valor por omisión = default value.* valor positivo = virtue.* valor representativo = eigenvalue.* valor social = social value.* VAN (red de valor añadido) = VAN (value added network).* * *Adio a conocer el verdadero valor del collar he revealed the true value o worth of the necklaceun alijo de droga por (un) valor de 5.000 euros a consignment of drugs worth o with a value of 5,000 euroslibros por valor de $150 books to the value of $150 o $150 worth of booksel valor de las acciones ha bajado the value of the shares has dropped, the shares have fallen in valueno se llevaron ningún objeto de valor they didn't take any valuables o anything valuableenseres de poco valor material things of little material o real value2 (importancia, mérito) valueno tiene ningún valor artístico it has no artistic value o meritvalor sentimental sentimental valuesu palabra tiene un gran valor para mí I set great store by his wordsus promesas no tienen ningún valor her promises are worthlesssi no lleva la firma no tiene ningún valor it's worthless unless it's signed¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? what merit is there in it if he copied it?¿qué valor tiene que se lo sepa de memoria si no lo entiende? what's the use o good of her knowing it by heart if she doesn't understand it?Compuestos:absolute valuepurchasing powerfood o nutritional valuevalue added, added valuevalue recorded in the land registry ( used for calculating property taxes)exchange valuesurrender valueusage o practical valueface valuepar o nominal valuefood o nutritional value( Inf) default valuerelative valueCompuestos:mpl fixed yield securities (pl)mpl variable yield securities (pl)C1 ( Mat) (de una incógnita) value2 ( Mús) (de una nota) value, lengthD(persona): uno de los jóvenes valores de nuestro tenis one of our young tennis starslos nuevos valores de nuestra música our up-and-coming musiciansescala or jerarquía de valores scale of valuesA (coraje, valentía) courageme faltó valor para decírselo I didn't have the courage to tell himhay que tener valor para hacer algo así you have to be brave o it takes courage to do a thing like thatel capitán ensalzó el valor de los soldados the captain praised the soldiers for their bravery o couragearmarse de valor to pluck up courage¡encima tiene el valor de protestar! and then she has the nerve o cheek to complain!, and then she dares to complain!* * *
valor sustantivo masculino
1a) (Com, Fin) value;◊ libros por valor de $150 books to the value of $150;
objetos de valor valuables;
valor adquisitivo purchasing power
2
armarse de valor to pluck up courage
◊ ¡encima tiene el valor de protestar! and then she has the nerve to complain!
3◊ valores sustantivo masculino plural
valor sustantivo masculino
1 (valentía, arrojo) courage, bravery
2 (mérito, importancia, etc) value, worth
(precio) price: ha invertido en joyas por valor de un millón de pesetas, he has invested in a million pesetas' worth of jewels
no le da ningún valor al dinero, he attaches no importance to money
objetos de valor, valuables
sin valor, worthless
3 (vigencia, validez legal) validity
4 Mat Mús value
5 fam (jeta, caradura) cheek: tuvo el valor de preguntarme por ella, he had the nerve to ask me about her
6 Fin valores securities, bonds
7 (éticos) valores, values
♦ Locuciones: armarse de valor: se armó de valor e hizo frente a la agresión, she gathered up her courage and stood up to the aggression
' valor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
agalla
- alimento
- antigüedad
- armarse
- aumentar
- bagatela
- bastante
- catastral
- conceder
- determinación
- importar
- impuesta
- impuesto
- infundir
- IVA
- juicio
- mérito
- ni
- nominal
- nula
- nulo
- nutritiva
- nutritivo
- oscilación
- oscilante
- ponderar
- preciosa
- precioso
- relativa
- relativo
- relieve
- representar
- reunir
- sanctasanctórum
- tal
- tan
- tres
- valer
- valorar
- valoración
- agallas
- alguno
- aliento
- alimenticio
- anecdótico
- armar
- asignar
- audacia
- bajar
- carecer
English:
absolute
- appreciate
- appreciation
- assess
- assessment
- asset
- attach
- book
- bravery
- cheap
- courage
- denomination
- detract
- equity
- estimate
- everything
- face value
- gain
- grit
- heart
- intrinsic
- invaluable
- nerve
- par
- pluck
- pluck up
- prowess
- replacement value
- rise
- sink
- steel
- street value
- strength
- summon up
- tax
- trash
- underprice
- valuable
- value
- value added tax
- VAT
- worth
- worthless
- worthlessness
- cheapen
- credit
- doubtful
- face
- fail
- go
* * *valor nm1. [precio, utilidad, mérito] value;ha subido el valor del peso frente al dólar the peso has risen against the dollar;tiene valor sentimental it is of sentimental value;tiene más valor arqueológico que artístico it is of more archaeological than artistic value;de (mucho) valor (very) valuable;no había nada de valor en la casa there was nothing of value in the house;joyas por valor de… jewels worth…;sin valor worthless;tener valor [ser valioso] to be valuable;[ser válido] to be valid;tener mucho/poco valor to be very/not very valuableFin valor de los activos asset value; Fin valor actual neto net present value;valor adquisitivo purchasing power;Am Econ valor agregado added value;valor alimenticio food value;Econ valor añadido added value; Fin valor asegurado insured value;valor biológico biological value;valor calórico [de comida] calorific value;valor catastral = value of a property recorded in the land register, Br ≈ rateable value, US ≈ assessed value;valor comercial commercial value;Fin valor contable book price o value;valor de mercado market value;valor nominal face o nominal value;valor nutritivo nutritional value;Fin valor realizable neto net realizable value; Fin valor de reposición replacement value; Fin valor de rescate surrender value2. Mat value3. Mús value4. [importancia] importance;su opinión es de enorme valor para nosotros her opinion is of great value o importance to us;dar valor a to give o attach importance to;quitar valor a algo to take away from sth, to diminish sth5. [valentía] bravery;se necesita valor para hacer una cosa así you need to be brave o it takes courage to do a thing like that;armarse de valor to pluck up one's courage;le eché valor, y le confesé la verdad I plucked up my courage and told her the truth;¡valor y al toro! go for it!6. [desvergüenza] cheek, nerve;¡hace falta valor para decir eso! what a cheek o nerve saying a thing like that!;tener el valor de hacer algo to have the cheek o nerve to do sth7. [personaje]un joven valor del atletismo/teatro an up-and-coming young athlete/actor8.valores en cartera investment portfolio;valores [principios] valuesvalores de crecimiento growth stock;valores inmuebles real estate;valores negociables negotiable securities;valores de renta fija fixed-interest o fixed-income securities;valores de renta variable variable-interest o variable-income securities, equities* * *m1 value;de gran valor very valuable; fig of great worth ovalue;objetos de valor valuables2:3 ( valentía) courage* * *valor nm1) : value, worth, importance2) coraje: courage, valor3) valores nmpl: values, principles4) valores nmpl: securities, bonds5)sin valor : worthless* * *valor n1. (valía) value2. (precio) price¿cuál es el valor de este terreno? how much is this land worth?3. (valentía) courage -
12 treaty
n( on smth) договор (о чем-л.)to abandon a treaty — отказываться от договора, денонсировать договор
to abolish / to abrogate a treaty — аннулировать / отменять договор
to adhere to (terms of) a treaty — придерживаться условий / соблюдать условия договора
to annul a treaty — аннулировать / отменять договор
to become a party to / to join a treaty — присоединяться к договору
to breach / to break treaty — нарушать договор
to break off a treaty — денонсировать / расторгать договор
to cancel a treaty — аннулировать / отменять договор
to conflict with / to contravene a treaty — противоречить договору
to denounce a treaty — денонсировать / расторгать договор
to draft / to draw up a treaty — разрабатывать проект договора
to end a treaty — денонсировать / расторгать договор
to extend (the validity of) a treaty — продлевать срок действия договора, пролонгировать договор
to give the President the Senate's counsel and consent to ratify the treaty — давать президенту совет и согласие Сената на ратификацию договора
to implement a treaty — выполнять договор / условия договора
to impose a treaty (on / upon smb) — навязывать договор (кому-л.)
to legally write smth into a treaty — официально вносить что-л. в договор
to observe the terms / provisions of a treaty — выполнять положения договора
to offer to sign a nonaggression treaty with a country — предлагать подписать договор о ненападении с какой-л. страной
to pass a treaty — утверждать / одобрять договор ( о законодательном органе)
to present one's draft treaty — представлять свой проект договора
to prolong (the validity of) a treaty — продлевать срок действия договора, пролонгировать договор
to ram a treaty down smb's throat — навязывать договор кому-л.
to renounce a treaty — денонсировать / расторгать договор
to revoke a treaty — аннулировать / отменять договор
to rush headlong to a treaty — необдуманно / безрассудно заключать договор
to sign a treaty in smb's name — подписывать договор от имени кого-л.
to sign a peace treaty — подписывать мирный договор / мир
- abortive treatyto withdraw from a treaty — денонсировать договор, выходить из договора
- abrogation of a treaty - Antarctic treaty
- antiballistic missile treaty - arms-control treaty
- article of a treaty
- basic treaty
- bilateral treaty - boundary treaty
- broad interpretation of a treaty
- by virtue of a treaty
- cancellation of a treaty
- CFCE
- circumvention of a treaty
- clause of a treaty
- closed treaty
- collapse of a treaty
- collusive treaty
- commercial treaty
- compliance with a treaty
- comprehensive arms control treaty
- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
- comprehensive treaty
- conclusion of a treaty
- consular treaty
- contravention of a treaty
- Conventional Force in Central Europe treaty
- Conventional Force in Europe treaty
- conventional force treaty
- cooperation treaty
- crucial foreign treaty
- CTBT
- delay over the ratification of a treaty
- demarcation treaty - draft treaty
- duration of treaty
- enslaving treaty
- entry of the treaty into force
- equal treaty
- equitable treaty
- European security treaty
- exploitative treaty
- expulsion from a treaty
- extension of a treaty
- extradition treaty
- fettering treaty
- founder of a treaty
- friendship and brotherhood treaty
- friendship and cooperation treaty
- full member of a treaty
- guarantor of a treaty
- implementation of the treaty
- in accordance with a treaty
- in compliance with a treaty
- in the shape of a treaty
- inequitable treaty
- INF treaty
- integral part of a treaty
- inter-American treaties
- interim treaty
- intermediate-range nuclear-forces treaty
- international treaty
- interpretation of a treaty
- interstate treaties
- invalid treaty
- landmine ban treaty
- lawmaking treaty
- leak-proof treaty
- limited test ban treaty
- long-term treaty
- missile treaty
- modified draft treaty
- much delayed treaty
- multilateral treaty
- neutrality treaty
- nonaggression treaty
- nonproliferation treaty
- normalization treaty
- NPT
- nuclear nonproliferation treaty
- nuclear test ban treaty
- nuclear weapons not covered by the treaty
- nuclear-free zone treaty
- objectives and principles of the treaty
- observance of a treaty
- open treaty
- Pacific security treaty
- partial test ban treaty - permanent treaty
- phased treaty
- plunderous treaty
- preliminary treaty
- prolongation of a treaty
- provision of a treaty
- publication of a treaty
- ratification of a treaty is now in jeopardy
- ratification of a treaty
- reciprocal treaty
- regional treaty
- renunciation of a treaty
- restricted treaty
- revision of a treaty
- right to withdraw from a treaty
- secret treaty
- security treaty
- separate peace treaty
- separate treaty
- signatories to a treaty
- signatory of a treaty
- signatory to a treaty
- signing of a treaty
- state treaty
- still-extant treaty
- Strategic Arms Reduction treaty
- ten-year treaty - text of a treaty
- the Moscow Test Ban Treaty
- threshold testing ban treaty
- threshold treaty
- trade treaty
- treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water
- treaty broke down
- treaty comes into effect
- treaty comes into force
- treaty comes into operation
- treaty does not cover underground tests
- treaty envisages smth
- treaty establishing normal relations
- treaty excluding the use of force
- treaty for good-neighborly relations
- treaty goes to... for endorsement
- treaty governing the canal
- treaty has been warmly welcomed
- treaty in force
- treaty is due to expire in 2010
- treaty is feasible
- treaty is moribund
- treaty is still at the heart of the disagreement
- treaty is subject to ratification
- treaty limiting anti-ballistic missile systems
- treaty of accession
- treaty of alliance
- treaty of commerce and navigation
- treaty of cooperation
- treaty of extradition
- treaty of friendship
- treaty of guarantee
- treaty of mutual assistance
- treaty of mutual security
- treaty of neutrality
- treaty of nonaggression
- treaty of peace
- treaty of relations
- treaty of union
- treaty of unity
- treaty of unlimited duration
- treaty on the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons
- treaty on the non-use of force
- treaty provides for smth
- treaty remained in suspension
- tripartite treaty
- under the treaty
- unequal treaty
- unfair treaty
- unification treaty
- unilateral renunciation of a treaty
- union treaty
- unratified treaty
- vassal treaty
- verifiable treaty
- verification of compliance with the treaty - world treaty -
13 bajo
adj.1 low.2 short, small.3 low, tawdry, base.4 low, contemptible, lowly, base.5 low-lying, low-down.6 hushed, soft, soft-sounding.adv.1 softly, in a low voice, low.Let's talk low because the baby's sleep Hablemos bajo porque el niño duerme.2 low, in a low position, near ground level, near the floor.prep.1 under, below, beneath, underneath.2 under.3 under, under the jurisdiction of.m.1 bass.2 bass, double bass, bass guitar.3 bass singer, bass voice, bass.4 hem, turn-up, hemline, turnup.5 low lying ground.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: bajar.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) low■ pon la música, pero baja put the music on low2 (persona) short, not tall4 (marea) out5 (despreciable) despicable, contemptible, base6 (territorio, río) lower7 (época) later8 (inferior) poor, low————————1 (piso) ground floor, US first floor2 (de prenda) bottoms plural, US cuff► adverbio1 (en el aire) low2 (voz) softly, quietly, in a low voice1 under2 (temperatura) below1 (planta baja) ground floor; (sótano) basement\por lo bajo (disimuladamente) on the sly 2 (en voz baja) in a low voice 3 (sin exagerar) conservativelybajas pasiones animal passionsbajos fondos underworld sing* * *1. prep.1) under2) beneath3) below2. adv.1) low2) softly, quietly3. (f. - baja)adj.1) low2) short3) lower4) soft5) base, vile4. noun m.1) bass2) first floor* * *1. ADJ1) (=de poca altura) [objeto] low; [persona] short; [parte] lower, bottom; [tierra] low-lying; [agua] shallowplanta baja — ground floor, first floor (EEUU)
2) (=inclinado)3) (=reducido, inferior) [precios, temperaturas, frecuencia] low; [calidad] low, poorde baja calidad — low-quality, poor-quality
•
estar bajo de algo, estar bajo de ánimo o de moral — to be in low spiritsestar bajo de forma (física) — to be unfit, be out of shape
4) [sonido] faint, soft; [voz, tono] lowhablar en voz baja — to speak quietly o in a low voice
5) [etapa]6) [oro, plata] with a high level of impurities7) [color] (=apagado) dull; (=pálido) pale8) (=humilde) low, humble; [clase] lower; [condición] lowly; [barrio] poor; [tarea] menial10)por lo bajo — (=a lo menos) at (the) least
2. SM1) (Cos) [de vestido] hem; [de pantalones] turn-up, cuff (EEUU)2) [de edificio] (=piso) ground floor, first floor (EEUU)bajo comercial — ground-floor o (EEUU) first-floor business premises
3) (Mús) (=instrumento) bass; (=voz) bass; (=guitarrista) bass (guitar) player, bassist4) pl bajos [de edificio] ground floor sing, first floor sing (EEUU); [de coche] underside; euf [del cuerpo] private parts5) (=hondonada) hollow3.ADV [volar] low; [tocar, cantar] quietly, softlyhablar bajo — (=en voz baja) to speak quietly, speak softly; (=tener una voz suave) to be softly spoken, be soft spoken
¡más bajo, por favor! — quieter, please!
4. PREP1) (=debajo de) under2) (=dependiente de, sometido a) underfianza 1), juramento 1), llave 1)bajo el título de... — under the title of...
* * *I- ja adjetivo1) [ser] < persona> short2) (indicando posición, nivel)b) [estar] <lámpara/cuadro/nivel> lowc) ( bajado)3)a) <calificación/precio/número> low; < temperatura> lowtiene la tensión or presión baja — he has low blood pressure
b) <volumen/luz> lowen voz baja — quietly, in a low voice
4)5) ( grave) <tono/voz> deep, low6) ( vil) <acción/instinto> low, basecaer bajo: qué bajo has caído! — how could you stoop so low!
•IIa) <volar/pasar> lowb) <hablar/cantar> softly, quietlyIII1)a) ( planta baja) first (AmE) o (BrE) ground floorb)los bajos — (CS) the first (AmE) o (BrE) ground floor
2)a) (de falda, vestido) hemb) bajos masculino plural (Auto) underside3) ( contrabajo) (double) bassIVa) ( debajo de) underbajo techo — under cover, indoors
bajo el cielo estrellado — (liter) beneath the starry sky (liter)
b) (expresando sujeción, dependencia) underbajo el título... — under the title...
* * *I- ja adjetivo1) [ser] < persona> short2) (indicando posición, nivel)b) [estar] <lámpara/cuadro/nivel> lowc) ( bajado)3)a) <calificación/precio/número> low; < temperatura> lowtiene la tensión or presión baja — he has low blood pressure
b) <volumen/luz> lowen voz baja — quietly, in a low voice
4)5) ( grave) <tono/voz> deep, low6) ( vil) <acción/instinto> low, basecaer bajo: qué bajo has caído! — how could you stoop so low!
•IIa) <volar/pasar> lowb) <hablar/cantar> softly, quietlyIII1)a) ( planta baja) first (AmE) o (BrE) ground floorb)los bajos — (CS) the first (AmE) o (BrE) ground floor
2)a) (de falda, vestido) hemb) bajos masculino plural (Auto) underside3) ( contrabajo) (double) bassIVa) ( debajo de) underbajo techo — under cover, indoors
bajo el cielo estrellado — (liter) beneath the starry sky (liter)
b) (expresando sujeción, dependencia) underbajo el título... — under the title...
* * *bajo11 = bass.Nota: Instrumento musical.Ex: Russian singer Vladimir Ognovenko is one of the most arresting basses on the opera scene today.
bajo22 = ground floor.Ex: The ground floor of the library contains a foyer with separate entrance to different departments.
* bajo comercial = commercial premise.bajo33 = low [lower -comp., lowest -sup.], lowly [lowlier -comp., lowliest -sup.], sagging, low-lying.Ex: Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too lowly in terms of salary potential.Ex: It was obvious that Balzac's enthusiasm for the grant lifted his spirits up from their normal sagging state.Ex: With the introduction of irrigation, low-lying areas are prone to waterlogging and soil salinization.* a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.* a bajo coste = low-cost.* a bajo costo = low-cost.* a bajo nivel = low-level.* a bajo precio = lower-cost, lower-cost, at a low price, on the cheap.* altibajos = ups and downs.* altos y bajos = highs and lows, peaks and valleys.* arma de bajo calibre = small arm.* baja Edad Media, la = late Middle Ages, the.* baja resolución = low resolution.* baja tecnología = low tech [low-tech].* baja temperatura = low temperature.* bajo cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.* bajo consumo = low power consumption.* bajo coste = low cost.* bajo en ácido = low-acid.* bajo en calorías = low cal, low-calorie.* bajo en carbohidratos = low-carb(ohydrate).* bajo en grasas = low fat.* bajo en hidratos de carbono = low-carb(ohydrate).* bajo precio = low cost.* bajo presión = under the cosh.* bajos ingresos = low income.* bajo vientre = lower abdomen.* barrio bajo = skid row.* bebida baja en alcohol = low-alcohol drink.* cuando la marea está baja = at low tide.* cultura de la clase baja = low culture.* de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].* de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].* de baja ralea = ignoble.* de bajo consumo = low energy.* de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.* de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.* de bajo estatus social = low-status.* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.* de bajo precio = low-priced.* de bajo riesgo = low-risk.* decir en voz baja = say under + Posesivo + breath, say in + a low voice, say in + a quiet voice.* de la gama baja = low-end.* de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].* de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].* de tacón bajo = low-heeled.* dieta baja en carbohidratos = low-carb diet.* dieta baja en hidratos de carbono = low-carb diet.* el más bajo = rock-bottom.* el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.* en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.* en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.* en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.* en un punto bajo = at a low ebb.* estar muy bajo = be way down.* familia de bajos ingresos = low-income family.* fijar precios bajos = price + low.* frente de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure.* hablar en voz baja = whisper, speak + low.* marea baja = low tide.* más bien bajo = shortish.* monte bajo = undergrowth, understorey [understory, -USA], fynbos, shrubland, scrubland.* Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.* período bajo = dry spell.* período de baja actividad = dry spell.* persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].* persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].* planta baja = ground floor.* que habla en voz baja = quietly spoken.* que vuela bajo = low-flying.* sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.* temporada baja = low season.* tirando a bajo = shortish.* tirar a lo bajo = low-ball.bajo4= under.Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.
* acoger bajo la representación de Uno = bring under + Posesivo + umbrella.* acoger bajo la tutela de Uno = bring under + Posesivo + umbrella.* bajo agua = undersea, underwater.* bajo amenaza = under threat.* bajo arresto domiciliario = under house arrest.* bajo cero = below zero.* bajo ciertas circunstancias = under certain circumstances.* bajo ciertas condiciones = under certain conditions.* bajo coacción = under duress.* bajo el asesoramiento de = on the advice of.* bajo el brazo = under + Posesivo + arm.* bajo el cargo de = on charges of.* bajo el control de = under the control of.* bajo el emblema = under the banner.* bajo el manto de la noche = under the cover of darkness, under the cloak of darkness.* bajo el patrocinio de = under the aegis of.* bajo el sol = in the eye of the sun.* bajo el yugo de = under the yoke of.* bajo juramento = under oath, sworn.* bajo la apariencia de = in the guise of, under the guise of.* bajo la competencia de = under the jurisdiction of.* bajo la dirección de = under the supervision of.* bajo las garras de = under the grip of.* bajo la supervisión de = under the supervision of.* bajo la tutela = under the auspices of.* bajo la tutela de = under the aegis of.* bajo la tutela de Alguien = under + Posesivo + auspices.* bajo llave = under lock and key.* bajo los auspicios de = under the aegis of, under the auspices of.* bajo los auspicios de Alguien = under + Posesivo + auspices.* bajo los pies = underfoot.* bajo lupa = under the microscope.* bajo ninguna circunstancia = under no/any circumstances.* bajo ningún concepto = on no account, not on any account, under no/any circumstances.* bajo + Posesivo + custodia = in + Posesivo + safekeeping.* bajo presión = under pressure.* bajo reforma = under reform.* bajo sospecha = under suspicion.* bajo tierra = underground, below surface.* bajo un mismo techo = under one roof.* decretar libertad bajo fianza = remand.* guardar bajo llave = keep under + lock and key.* libertad bajo fianza = bail.* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.* tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.* territorio bajo mandato = mandate.bajo55 = lowdown, mean [meaner -comp., meanest -sup.].Ex: The board clearly didn't care if its commissioner was a lowdown, lying, corrupt and untrustworthy creep, likely because that is the nature of the entire organization.
Ex: Whereas in most European countries during this period welfare provision continued to develop, in Australia it languished at a level which, with the exception of Japan, was the meanest of the developed countries.* * *A [ SER] ‹persona› shortese chico bajito que trabaja en el bar that short o small guy who works in the barB (indicando posición, nivel)1 [ SER] ‹techo› low; ‹tierras› low-lyingun vestido de talle bajo a low-waisted dress2 [ ESTAR] ‹lámpara/cuadro› lowlas ramas más bajas del árbol the lowest branches of the treela parte baja de la estantería the bottom shelf/lower shelves of the bookcaseel nivel de aceite está bajo the oil level is low¡qué bajo está el río! isn't the river low!la marea está baja it's low tide, the tide is out3(bajado): la casa tenía las persianas bajas the house had the blinds downcaminaba con la mirada baja she walked (along) looking at the ground o with her eyes loweredC1 ‹calificación/precio/número› low; ‹temperatura› lowbajo en nicotina y alquitrán low in nicotine and taruna bebida baja en calorías a low-calorie drinktiene la tensión or presión baja he has low blood pressure, his blood pressure is lowliquidaban todo a precios bajísimos they were selling everything off really cheap(ly)artículos de baja calidad poor-quality goodspor lo bajoor ( RPl) por parte baja at leastles va a costar 10.000 tirando or echando por lo bajo ( fam); it's going to cost them at least 10,000, it's going to cost them 10,000 easily o at (the very) least2 ‹volumen/luz› lowlo dijo en voz baja he said it quietly o in a low voicepon la radio bajita put the radio on quietly3 ‹oro› below 14 karats(falto de): están bajos de moral they're in low spirits, their morale is lowestá baja de defensas her defenses are lowE (grave) ‹tono/voz› deep, lowF (vil) ‹acción/instinto› low, basecaer bajoor en lo bajo: ha caído en lo más bajo she stooped pretty low¡qué bajo has caído! how could you stoop so low?, how low can you get!Compuestos:feminine humble origins (pl)la bajoa Edad Media the late Middle Ages (pl)estoy en bajoa forma I'm in bad shape, I'm not on form, I'm feeling below parla bajoa forma del equipo nacional the poor form of the national teamfeminine low frequencyfpl animal passions (pl)fpl low pressurefeminine low technologyde bajoa tecnología low-technology ( before n), low-techmasculine Low Latinmasculine bas-reliefmpl underworldel bajo vientre the lower abdomenbajo21 ‹volar/pasar› low2 ‹hablar/cantar› softly, quietlycanta más bajo sing more softly¡habla más bajo! keep your voice down!bajo3A1 (planta baja) first ( AmE) o ( BrE) ground floor; (local) commercial premises ( on the first ( AmE) o ( BrE) ground floor of a building)BC (contrabajo) bass, double bassDdarle el bajo a algo to polish sth off ( colloq)bajo41 (debajo de) undercorrimos a ponernos bajo techo we ran to get under coverponte bajo el paraguas get under o underneath the umbrellatres grados bajo cero three degrees below zerocuando yo esté bajo tierra when I'm dead and buriedcantando bajo la lluvia singing in the rain2 (expresando sujeción, dependencia) underestá bajo juramento you are under oathbajo Alfonso XIII under Alfonso XIII, during the reign of Alfonso XIIIbajo su mando under his commandbajo los efectos del alcohol under the influence of alcoholbajo ese punto de vista looking at it from that point of viewbajo el título `España hoy' under the title `España hoy'* * *
Del verbo bajar: ( conjugate bajar)
bajo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
bajó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
bajar
bajo
bajar ( conjugate bajar) verbo intransitivo
1
( acercándose) to come down;◊ bajo por las escaleras to go/come down the stairs;
ya bajo I'll be right down
‹ de coche› to get out of sth;
‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth
2
[ hinchazón] to go down;
[ temperatura] to fall, drop
[ calidad] to deteriorate;
[ popularidad] to diminish;
verbo transitivo
1 ‹escalera/cuesta› to go down
2 ‹brazo/mano› to put down, lower
3a) bajo algo (de algo) ‹de armario/estante› to get sth down (from sth);
‹ del piso de arriba› ( traer) to bring sth down (from sth);
( llevar) to take sth down (to sth)
4
‹ ventanilla› to open
5 ‹ precio› to lower;
‹ fiebre› to bring down;
‹ volumen› to turn down;
‹ voz› to lower
bajarse verbo pronominal
1 ( apearse) bajose de algo ‹de tren/autobús› to get off sth;
‹ de coche› to get out of sth;
‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth;
‹de pared/árbol› to get down off sth
2 ‹ pantalones› to take down;
‹ falda› to pull down
bajo 1◊ -ja adjetivo
1 [ser] ‹ persona› short
2
‹ tierras› low-lying
están bajos de moral their morale is low;
está bajo de defensas his defenses are low
3
bajo en calorías low-calorie;
de baja calidad poor-quality
4 ( grave) ‹tono/voz› deep, low
5 ( vil) ‹acción/instinto› low, base;
bajo 2 adverbio
◊ ¡habla más bajo! keep your voice down!
■ sustantivo masculino
1
b)◊ los bajos (CS) the first (AmE) o (BrE) ground floor
2 ( contrabajo) (double) bass
■ preposición
under;
tres grados bajo cero three degrees below zero;
bajo juramento under oath
bajar
I verbo transitivo
1 (descender) to come o go down: bajé corriendo la cuesta, I ran downhill ➣ Ver nota en ir 2 (llevar algo abajo) to bring o get o take down: baja los disfraces del trastero, bring the costumes down from the attic
3 (un telón) to lower
(una persiana) to let down
(la cabeza) to bow o lower
4 (reducir el volumen) to turn down
(la voz) to lower
5 (los precios, etc) to reduce, cut
6 (ropa, dobladillo) tengo que bajar el vestido, I've got to let the hem down
7 Mús tienes que bajar un tono, you've got to go down a tone
II verbo intransitivo
1 to go o come down: bajamos al bar, we went down to the bar
2 (apearse de un tren, un autobús) to get off
(de un coche) to get out [de, of]: tienes que bajarte en la siguiente parada, you've got to get off at the next stop
3 (disminuir la temperatura, los precios) to fall, drop: ha bajado su cotización en la bolsa, its share prices have dropped in the stock exchange
bajo,-a
I adjetivo
1 low
2 (de poca estatura) short: es muy bajo para jugar al baloncesto, he's a bit too short to play basketball
3 (poco intenso) faint, soft: en este local la música está baja, the music isn't very loud here
4 (escaso) poor: su nivel es muy bajo, his level is very low
este queso es bajo en calorías, this cheese is low in calories
5 Mús low
6 fig (mezquino, vil, ruin) base, despicable: tiene muy bajos instintos, he's absolutely contemptible
bajos fondos, the underworld
la clase baja, the lower class
II adverbio low: habla bajo, por favor, please speak quietly
por lo b., (a sus espaldas, disimuladamente) on the sly: con Pedro es muy amable, pero por lo bajo echa pestes de él, she's very nice to Pedro, but she's always slagging him off behind his back
(como mínimo) at least: ese libro cuesta cinco mil pesetas tirando por lo bajo, that book costs at least five thousand pesetas
III sustantivo masculino
1 Mús (instrumento, cantante, instrumentista) bass
2 (de un edificio) ground floor
3 (de una prenda) hem
IV mpl Mec underneath: las piedras del camino le rozaron los bajos del coche, we scratched the bottom of the car against the stones on the road
V preposición
1 (lugar) under, underneath
bajo techo, under shelter
bajo tierra, underground
bajo la tormenta, in the storm
2 Pol Hist under
bajo la dictadura, under the dictatorship 3 bajo cero, (temperatura) below zero
4 Jur under
bajo fianza, on bail
bajo juramento, under oath
bajo multa de cien mil pesetas, subject to a fine of one hundred thousand pesetas
bajo ningún concepto, under no circumstances
firmó la declaración bajo presión, she signed the declaration under pressure
La traducción más común del adjetivo es low. Sin embargo, recuerda que cuando quieres describir a una persona debes usar la palabra short: Es muy bajo para su edad. He's very short for his age.
' bajo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
auspicio
- baja
- caer
- calificar
- caloría
- circunstancia
- concepto
- confiar
- control
- cuerda
- dominación
- fianza
- fiebre
- guardia
- hundida
- hundido
- imperio
- ínfima
- ínfimo
- insolación
- juramento
- libertad
- llave
- manía
- ministerio
- monte
- murmurar
- par
- pretexto
- próxima
- próximo
- rescoldo
- ropa
- sarro
- so
- tapón
- techo
- tierra
- tono
- vigilancia
- a
- abrasar
- anestesia
- arresto
- ático
- bajar
- bajío
- chato
- chico
- coacción
English:
account
- aloud
- auspice
- bail
- bass
- bass guitar
- below
- beneath
- body
- bottom
- clampdown
- complaint
- conceal
- condition
- content
- control
- cover
- cuff
- custody
- depressed
- distraught
- down
- drunk driving
- DUI
- escrow
- feel
- floodlight
- foresight
- freezing
- ground
- gun
- hand
- honour
- hurtle
- in
- keep down
- lock away
- low
- low-alcohol
- low-budget
- low-calorie
- low-cost
- lower
- Lower Egypt
- lowest
- microscope
- minus
- oath
- observation
- off
* * *bajo, -a♦ adj1. [objeto, cifra] low;[persona, estatura] short;es más bajo que su amigo he's shorter than his friend;el pantano está muy bajo the water (level) in the reservoir is very low;tengo la tensión baja I have low blood pressure;tener la moral baja, estar bajo de moral to be in low o poor spirits;estar en baja forma to be off form;han mostrado una baja forma alarmante they have shown worryingly poor form, they have been worryingly off form;los precios más bajos de la ciudad the lowest prices in the city;de baja calidad poor(-quality);bajo en calorías low-calorie;bajo en nicotina low in nicotine (content)Elec baja frecuencia low frequency; Arte bajo relieve bas-relief; Informát baja resolución low resolution2. [cabeza] bowed;[ojos] downcast;paseaba con la cabeza baja she was walking with her head down3. [poco audible] low;[sonido] soft, faint;en voz baja softly, in a low voice;pon la música más baja, por favor turn the music down, please;por lo bajo [en voz baja] in an undertone;[en secreto] secretly;reírse por lo bajo to snicker, to snigger4. [grave] deep5. Geog lower;el bajo Amazonas the lower Amazon6. Hist lower;la baja Edad Media the late Middle Ages7. [pobre] lower-classlos bajos fondos the underworld8. [vil] base9. [soez] coarse, vulgar;se dejó llevar por bajas pasiones he allowed his baser instincts to get the better of him10. [metal] base♦ nm1. [dobladillo] hem;meter el bajo de una falda to take up a skirt2. [planta baja] [piso] Br ground floor flat, US first floor apartment;[local] Br premises on the ground floor, US premises on the first floor; [instrumentista] bassist6. [hondonada] hollow7. [banco de arena] shoal, sandbank♦ adv1. [hablar] quietly, softly;ella habla más bajo que él she speaks more softly than he does;¡habla más bajo, vas a despertar al bebé! keep your voice down or you'll wake the baby up!2. [caer] low;Fig¡qué bajo has caído! how low you have sunk!3. [volar] low♦ prep1. [debajo de] under;bajo su apariencia pacífica se escondía un ser agresivo beneath his calm exterior there lay an aggressive nature;bajo cero below zero;Figle pagó bajo mano para conseguir lo que quería he paid her secretly to get what he wanted;bajo este ángulo from this angle;bajo la lluvia in the rain;bajo techo under cover;dormir bajo techo to sleep with a roof over one's head o indoorsbajo control under control;bajo el régimen de Franco under Franco's regime;fue encarcelado bajo la acusación de… he was jailed on charges of…;Derbajo fianza on bail;bajo mando de under the command of;prohibido aparcar bajo multa de 100 euros no parking – penalty 100 euros;bajo observación under observation;bajo palabra on one's word;el trato se hizo bajo palabra it was a purely verbal o a gentleman's agreement;bajo pena de muerte on pain of death;bajo tratamiento médico receiving medical treatment;bajo la tutela de in the care of* * *I adj1 low;bajo en sal low in salt2 persona shortII m1 MÚS bass2 piso first floor, Brground floor; de edificio first floor apartment, Brground floor flat4:por lo bajo at leastIII adv2 volar lowIV prp under;tres grados bajo cero three degrees below zero;palabra on o under oath* * *bajo adv1) : down, low2) : softly, quietlyhabla más bajo: speak more softlybajo, -ja adj1) : low2) : short (of stature)3) : soft, faint, deep (of sounds)4) : lowerel bajo Amazonas: the lower Amazon5) : loweredcon la mirada baja: with lowered eyes6) : base, vile7)los bajos fondos : the underworldbajo nm1) : bass (musical instrument)2) : first floor, ground floor3) : hemlinebajo prep: under, beneath, below* * *bajo1 adj1. (persona) short2. (muro, mueble, voz) lowhabla en voz baja she speaks in a low voice / she speaks quietly3. (nivel, precio, número) lowbajo2 adv1. (con poca altura) low2. (con voz suave) quietlybajo3 n1. (planta baja) ground floor2. (de una prenda) hem3. (instrumento, voz) bass¿quién toca el bajo? who plays the bass?4. (músico) bass playerbajo4 prep under -
14 switchboard
- распределительный щит
- распределительное устройство
- НКУ распределения и управления
- коммутационный щит
- коммутаторная панель
- коммутатор
коммутатор
Устройство, обеспечивающее посредством включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей выбор требуемой выходной цепи и соединение с ней входной цепи
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
EN
DE
FR
коммутаторная панель
распределительный щит
Устройство, конструктивно объединяющее несколько коммутационных элементов, предназначенных для включения, отключения и переключения электрических цепей и каналов связи в ручном режиме.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
коммутационный щит
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления (НКУ)
Низковольтные коммутационные аппараты и устройства управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования, собранные совместно, со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61439-1-2012]
низковольтное устройство распределения и управления
Комбинация низковольтных коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты, регулирования и т. п., полностью смонтированных изготовителем НКУ (под его ответственность на единой конструктивной основе) со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями с соответствующими конструктивными элементами
Примечания
1. В настоящем стандарте сокращение НКУ используют для обозначения низковольтных комплектных устройств распределения и управления.
2. Аппараты, входящие в состав НКУ, могут быть электромеханическими или электронными.
3. По различным причинам, например по условиям транспортирования или изготовления, некоторые операции сборки могут быть выполнены на месте установки, вне предприятия-изготовителя.
[ ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60439-1-92)]EN
power switchgear and controlgear assembly (PSC-assembly)
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly used to distribute and control energy for all types of loads, intended for industrial, commercial and similar applications where operation by ordinary persons is not intended
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]
low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
combination of one or more low-voltage switching devices together with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective, regulation equipment, etc., completely assembled under the responsibility of the manufacturer with all the internal electrical and mechanical interconnections and structural parts.
[IEC 61892-3, ed. 2.0 (2007-11)]
switchgear and controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures
[IEV number 441-11-01]
switchgear and controlgear
electric equipment intended to be connected to an electric circuit for the purpose of carrying out one or more of the following functions: protection, control, isolation, switching
NOTE – The French and English terms can be considered as equivalent in most cases. However, the French term has a broader meaning than the English term and includes for example connecting devices, plugs and socket-outlets, etc. In English, these latter devices are known as accessories.
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]
switchboard
A large single electric control panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted (either on the back or on the face, or both) switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments; not intended for installation in a cabinet but may be completely enclosed in metal; usually is accessible from both the front and rear.
[ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction]
switchboard
One or more panels accommodating control switches, indicators, and other apparatus for operating electric circuits
[ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]FR
ensemble d'appareillage de puissance (ensemble PSC)
ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé pour répartir et commander l'énergie pour tous les types de charges et prévu pour des applications industrielles, commerciales et analogues dans lesquelles l'exploitation par des personnes ordinaires n'est pas prévue
[IEC 61439-2, ed. 1.0 (2009-01)]
appareillage, m
matériel électrique destiné à être relié à un circuit électrique en vue d'assurer une ou plusieurs des fonctions suivantes: protection, commande, sectionnement, connexion
NOTE – Les termes français et anglais peuvent être considérés comme équivalents dans la plupart des cas. Toutefois, le terme français couvre un domaine plus étendu que le terme anglais, et comprend notamment les dispositifs de connexion, les prises de courant, etc. En anglais, ces derniers sont dénommés "accessories".
[IEV number 826-16-03 ]
appareillage
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les charpentes correspondantes
[IEV number 441-11-01]
A switchboard as defined in the National Electrical Code is a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted, on the face or back or both switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and, usually, instruments.
Switchboards are generally accessible from the rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be installed in cabinets.
The types of switchboards, classified by basic features of construction, are as follows:
1. Live-front vertical panels
2. Dead-front boards
3. Safety enclosed boards( metal-clad)
[American electricians’ handbook]
The switchboard plays an essential role in the availability of electric power, while meeting the needs of personal and property safety.
Its definition, design and installation are based on precise rules; there is no place for improvisation.
The IEC 61439 standard aims to better define " low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies", ensuring that the specified performances are reached.
It specifies in particular:
> the responsibilities of each player, distinguishing those of the original equipment manufacturer - the organization that performed the original design and associated verification of an assembly in accordance with the standard, and of the assembly manufacturer - the organization taking responsibility for the finished assembly;
> the design and verification rules, constituting a benchmark for product certification.
All the component parts of the electrical switchboard are concerned by the IEC 61439 standard.
Equipment produced in accordance with the requirements of this switchboard standard ensures the safety and reliability of the installation.
A switchboard must comply with the requirements of standard IEC 61439-1 and 2 to guarantee the safety and reliability of the installation.
Managers of installations, fully aware of the professional and legal liabilities weighing on their company and on themselves, demand a high level of safety for the electrical installation.
What is more, the serious economic consequences of prolonged halts in production mean that the electrical switchboard must provide excellent continuity of service, whatever the operating conditions.
[Schneider Electric]НКУ играет главную роль в обеспечении электроэнергией, удовлетворяя при этом всем требованиям по безопасности людей и сохранности имущества.
Выбор конструкции, проектирование и монтаж основаны на чётких правилах, не допускающих никакой импровизации.
Требования к низковольтным комплектным устройствам распределения и управления сформулированы в стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000).
В частности, он определяет:
> распределение ответственности между изготовителем НКУ - организацией, разработавшей конструкцию НКУ и проверившей его на соответствие требованиям стандарта, и сборщиком – организацией, выполнившей сборку НКУ;
> конструкцию, технические характеристики, виды и методы испытаний НКУ.
В стандарте МЭК 61439 (ГОСТ Р 51321. 1-2000) описываются все компоненты НКУ.
Оборудование, изготовленное в соответствии с требованиями этого стандарта, обеспечивает безопасность и надежность электроустановки.
Для того чтобы гарантировать безопасность эксплуатации и надежность работы электроустановки, распределительный щит должен соответствовать требованиям стандарта МЭК 61439-1 и 2.
Лица, ответственные за электроустановки, должны быть полностью осведомлены о профессиональной и юридической ответственности, возложенной на их компанию и на них лично, за обеспечение высокого уровня безопасности эксплуатации этих электроустановок.
Кроме того, поскольку длительные перерывы производства приводят к серьезным экономическим последствиям, электрический распределительный щит должен обеспечивать надежную и бесперебойную работу независимо от условий эксплуатации.
[Перевод Интент]LV switchgear assemblies are undoubtedly the components of the electric installation more subject to the direct intervention of personnel (operations, maintenance, etc.) and for this reason users demand from them higher and higher safety requirements.
The compliance of an assembly with the state of the art and therefore, presumptively, with the relevant technical Standard, cannot be based only on the fact that the components which constitute it comply with the state of the art and therefore, at least presumptively, with the relevant technical standards.
In other words, the whole assembly must be designed, built and tested in compliance with the state of the art.
Since the assemblies under consideration are low voltage equipment, their rated voltage shall not exceed 1000 Va.c. or 1500 Vd.c. As regards currents, neither upper nor lower limits are provided in the application field of this Standard.
The Standard IEC 60439-1 states the construction, safety and maintenance requirements for low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies, without dealing with the functional aspects which remain a competence of the designer of the plant for which the assembly is intended.
[ABB]Низковольтные комплектные устройства (НКУ), вне всякого сомнения, являются частями электроустановок, которые наиболее подвержены непосредственному вмешательству оперативного, обслуживающего и т. п. персонала. Вот почему требования потребителей к безопасности НКУ становятся все выше и выше.
Соответствие НКУ современному положению дел и вследствие этого, гипотетически, соответствующим техническим стандартам, не может основываться только на том факте, что составляющие НКУ компоненты соответствуют современному состоянию дел и поэтому, по крайней мере, гипотетически, - соответствующим техническим стандартам
Другими словами, НКУ должно быть разработано, изготовлено и испытано в соответствии с современными требованиями.
Мы рассматриваем низковольтные комплектные устройства и это означает, что их номинальное напряжение не превышает 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока. Что касается тока, то ни верхнее, ни нижнее значение стандартами, относящимися к данной области, не оговариваются
Стандарт МЭК 60439-1 устанавливает требования к конструкции, безопасности и техническому обслуживанию низковольтных комплектных устройств без учета их функций, полагая, что функции НКУ являются компетенцией проектировщиков электроустановки, частью которых эти НКУ являются.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Классификация
>>>Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
EN
- assembly
- electrical switchboard
- low voltage controlgear and assembly
- low voltage switchboard
- low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
- low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
- LV switchgear and controlgear assembly
- LV switchgear assembly
- panel
- power switchgear and controlgear assembly
- PSC-assembly
- switchboard
- switchgear and controlgear
- switchgear/controlgear
DE
- Schaltanlagen und/oder Schaltgeräte
FR
распределительное устройство
Распределительным устройством (РУ) называется электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая сборные и соединительные шины, коммутационные аппараты, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[РД 34.20.185-94]
распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, предназначенная для приема и распределения электрической энергии на одном напряжении и содержащая коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные шины [секции шин], устройства управления и защиты.
Примечание. К устройствам управления относятся аппараты и связывающие их элементы обеспечивающие контроль, измерение, сигнализацию и выполнение команд.
[ ГОСТ 24291-90]
[ ГОСТ Р 53685-2009]
электрическое распределительное устройство
распределительное устройство
Устройство, предназначенное для приема и распределения электроэнергии на одном напряжении и содержащее коммутационные аппараты и соединяющие их сборные соединительные устройства.
Примечание. В состав распределительного устройства дополнительно могут входить устройства защиты и управления
[ОСТ 45.55-99]
распределительное устройство
Электроустановка, служащая для приема и распределения электроэнергии и содержащая коммутационные аппараты, сборные и соединительные шины, вспомогательные устройства (компрессорные, аккумуляторные и др.), а также устройства защиты, автоматики и измерительные приборы.
[ПОТ Р М-016-2001]
[РД 153-34.0-03.150-00]
устройство распределительное
Совокупность аппаратов и приборов для приёма и распределения электроэнергии одного напряжения, вырабатываемой электростанцией или преобразуемой подстанцией
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
switching substation
a substation which includes switchgear and usually busbars, but no power transformers
[IEV number 605-01-02]FR
poste de sectionnement
poste de coupure
poste comprenant des organes de manoeuvre et généralement des jeux de barres, à l'exclusion de transformateurs de puissance
[IEV number 605-01-02]В качестве РУ 6—10 кВ используется сборка высокого напряжения с однополюсными разъединителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения и одна камера КСО с выключателем нагрузки и предохранителями для подключения трансформатора. Для РУ 0,4 кВ применяются сборки низкого напряжения с предохранителями и вертикальным расположением фаз одного присоединения.
На ПС применяются открытые (ОРУ), закрытые (ЗРУ) или комплектные (КРУ) распределительные устройства.
[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]
В общем случае ПС и РУ являются составной частью электроустановок, которые различаются:
-
по назначению:
- генерирующие,
- преобразовательно-распределительные,
-
потребительские.
Генерирующие электроустановки служат для выработки электроэнергии, преобразовательно-распределительные электроустановки преобразуют электроэнергию в удобный для передачи и потребления вид, передают ее и распределяют между потребителями;
-
по роду тока:
- постоянного тока,
- переменного тока.
-
по напряжению:
- до 1000 В,
- выше 1000 В.
Шкала номинальных напряжений ограничена сравнительно небольшим числом стандартных значений, благодаря чему изготавливается небольшое число типоразмеров машин и оборудования, а электросети выполняются более экономичными. В установках трехфазного тока номинальным напряжением принято считать напряжение между фазами (междуфазовое напряжение). Согласно ГОСТ 29322—92 установлена следующая шкала номинальных напряжений:
для электросетей переменного тока частотой 50 Гц междуфазовое напряжение должно быть: 12, 24, 36, 42, 127, 220, 380 В; 3, 6, 10, 20, 35, 110, 150, 220, 330, 500, 750 и 1150 кВ;
для электросетей постоянного тока: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 110, 220, 440, 660, 825, 3000 В и выше.-
по способу присоединения к электросети ПС разделяются на:
- тупиковые (блочные),
- ответвительные (блочные),
- проходные (транзитные)
- узловые.
Тупиковые ПС получают питание по одной или двум тупиковым ВЛ.
Ответвительные ПС присоединяются ответвлением к одной или двум проходящим ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.
Проходные ПС включаются в рассечку одной или двух проходящих ВЛ с односторонним или двухсторонним питанием.
Узловые ПС кроме питающих имеют отходящие радиальные или транзитные ВЛ.-
по способу управления ПС могут быть:
- только с телесигнализацией,
- телеуправляемыми с телесигнализацией,
- с телесигнализацией и управлением с общеподстанционного пункта управления (ОПУ).
Подстанции оперативно обслуживаются постоянным дежурным персоналом на щите управления, дежурными на дому или оперативно-выездными бригадами (ОВБ). Ремонт ПС осуществляется специализированными выездными бригадами централизованного ремонта или местным персоналом подстанции.
В РУ напряжением до 1000 В провода, шины, аппараты, приборы и конструкции выбирают как по нормальным условиям работы (напряжению и току), так и по термическим и динамическим воздействиям токов коротких замыканий (КЗ) или предельно допустимой отключаемой мощности.
В РУ и ПС напряжением выше 1000 В расстояния между электрооборудованием, аппаратами, токоведущими частями, изоляторами, ограждениями и конструкциями устанавливаются так, чтобы при нормальном режиме работы электроустановки возникающие физические явления (температура нагрева, электрическая дуга, выброс газов, искрение и др.) не могли привести к повреждению оборудования и КЗ.[ http://energy-ua.com/elektricheskie-p/klassifikatsiya.html]
Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:- By the current rating.
-
By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely interrupt)
- Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents
- Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents
- Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very small.
-
By voltage class:
- Low voltage (less than 1,000 volts AC)
- Medium voltage (1,000–35,000 volts AC)
- High voltage (more than 35,000 volts AC)
-
By insulating medium:
-
By construction type:
- Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type)
- Outdoor
- Industrial
- Utility
- Marine
- Draw-out elements (removable without many tools)
- Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
- Live-front
- Dead-front
- Open
- Metal-enclosed
- Metal-clad
- Metal enclosed & Metal clad
- Arc-resistant
-
By IEC degree of internal separation
- No Separation (Form 1)
- Busbars separated from functional units (Form 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
- Terminals for external conductors separated from busbars (Form 2b, 3b, 4a, 4b)
- Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from each other (Form 3a, 3b)
- Functional units separated from each other (Form 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b)
- Terminals for external conductors separated from each other (Form 4a, 4b)
- Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit (Form 4b)
-
By interrupting device:
-
By operating method:
- Manually operated
- Motor/stored energy operated
- Solenoid operated
-
By type of current:
-
By application:
-
By purpose
- Isolating switches (disconnectors)
- Load-break switches.
- Grounding (earthing) switches
A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually operated switches may all exist in the same row of cubicles.
Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.
[Robert W. Smeaton (ed) Switchgear and Control Handbook 3rd Ed., Mc Graw Hill, new York 1997]
[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_switchgear]Тематики
- электрификация, электроснабж. железных дорог
- электроагрегаты генераторные
- электробезопасность
- электроснабжение в целом
Синонимы
EN
- distribution
- energy distribution board
- gear
- switch-gear
- switchboard
- switchgear
- switching substation
- switchyard
DE
FR
распределительный щит
Комплектное устройство, содержащее различную коммутационную аппаратуру, соединенное с одной или более отходящими электрическими цепями, питающееся от одной или более входящих цепей, вместе с зажимами для присоединения нейтральных и защитных проводников.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
щит распределительный
Электротехническое устройство, объединяющее коммутационную, регулирующую и защитную аппаратуру, а также контрольно-измерительные и сигнальные приборы
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]
распределительный щит
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]EN
distribution board
assembly containing different types of switchgear and controlgear associated with one or more outgoing electric circuits fed from one or more incoming electric circuits, together with terminals for the neutral and protective conductors.
[IEV number 826-16-08]FR
tableau de répartition, m
ensemble comportant différents types d'appareillage associés à un ou plusieurs circuits électriques de départ alimentés par un ou plusieurs circuits électriques d'arrivée, ainsi que des bornes pour les conducteurs neutre et de protection.
[IEV number 826-16-08]Distribution switchboards, including the Main LV Switchboard (MLVS), are critical to the dependability of an electrical installation. They must comply with well-defined standards governing the design and construction of LV switchgear assemblies
A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function. It represents a key link in the dependability chain.
Consequently, the type of distribution switchboard must be perfectly adapted to its application. Its design and construction must comply with applicable standards and working practises.
[Schneider Electric]Распределительные щиты, включая главный распределительный щит низкого напряжения (ГРЩ), играют решающую роль в обеспечении надежности электроустановки. Они должны отвечать требованиям соответствующих стандартов, определяющих конструкцию и порядок изготовления НКУ распределения электроэнергии.
В распределительном щите выполняется прием электроэнергии и ее распределение по отдельным цепям, каждая из которых контролируется и защищается плавкими предохранителями или автоматическими выключателями.
Распределительный щит состоит из функциональных блоков, включающих в себя все электрические и механические элементы, необходимые для выполнения требуемой функции. Распределительный щит представляет собой ключевое звено в цепи обеспечения надежности.
Тип распределительного щита должен соответствовать области применения. Конструкция и изготовление распределительного щита должны удовлетворять требованиям применимых стандартов и учитывать накопленную практику применения.
[Перевод Интент]
Рис. Schneider Electric
With Prisma Plus G you can be sure to build 100% Schneider Electric switchboards that are safe, optimised:
> All components (switchgear, distribution blocks, prefabricated connections, etc.) are perfectly rated and coordinated to work together;
> All switchboard configurations, even the most demanding ones, have been tested.
You can prove that your switchboard meets the current standards, at any time.
You can be sure to build a reliable electrical installation and give your customers full satisfaction in terms of dependability and safety for people and the installation.
Prisma Plus G with its discreet design, blends harmoniously into all tertiary and industrial buildings, including in entrance halls and passageways.
With Prisma Plus G you can build just the right switchboard for your customer, sized precisely to fit costs and needs.
With this complete, prefabricated and tested system, it's easy to upgrade your installation and still maintain the performance levels.
> The wall-mounted and floor-standing enclosures combine easily with switchboards already in service.
> Devices can be replaced or added at any time.
[Schneider Electric]С помощью оболочек Prisma Plus G можно создавать безопасные распределительные щиты, на 100 % состоящие из изделий Schneider Electric:
> все изделия (коммутационная аппаратура, распределительные блоки, готовые заводские соединения и т. д.) полностью совместимы механически и электрически;
> все варианты компоновки распределительных щитов, в том числе для наиболее ответственных применений, прошли испытания.В любое время вы можете доказать, что ваши распределительные щиты полностью соответствуют требованиям действующих стандартов.
Вы можете быть полностью уверены в том, что создаете надежные электроустановки, удовлетворяющие всем требованиям безопасности для людей и оборудования
Благодаря строгому дизайну, распределительные щиты Prisma Plus G гармонично сочетаются с интерьером любого общественного или промышленного здания. Они хорошо смотрятся и в вестибюле, и в коридоре.
Применяя оболочки Prisma Plus G можно создавать распределительные щиты, точно соответствующие требованиям заказчика как с точки зрения технических характеристик, так и стоимости.
С помощью данной испытанной системы, содержащей все необходимые компоненты заводского изготовления можно легко модернизировать существующую электроустановку и поддерживать её уровни производительности.> Навесные и напольные оболочки можно легко присоединить к уже эксплуатируемым распределительным щитам.
> Аппаратуру можно заменять или добавлять в любое время.
[Перевод Интент]The switchboard, central to the electrical installation.
Both the point of arrival of energy and a device for distribution to the site applications, the LV switchboard is the intelligence of the system, central to the electrical installation.
[Schneider Electric]Распределительный щит – «сердце» электроустановки.
Низковольтное комплектное устройство распределения является «сердцем» электроустановки, поскольку именно оно принимает электроэнергию из сети и распределяет её по территориально распределенным нагрузкам.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
- электроснабжение в целом
EN
- branch distribution panel
- distributing board
- distributing panel
- distributing switchboard
- distribution bench
- distribution board
- distribution panel
- distribution switchboard
- gear
- keyboard
- PNL
- SB
- sw & d
- switchboard
- switchboard panel
DE
- elektrischer Verteiler, m
- Schalttafel
- Verteiler, m
FR
- tableau de distribution
- tableau de répartition, m
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > switchboard
-
15 law
̈ɪlɔ: I сущ.
1) а) закон (регулирующий, предписывающий акт) according to the law ≈ по закону to administer, apply, enforce a law ≈ применять закон to annul, repeal, revoke a law ≈ аннулировать, опротестовать закон to be at law with smb. ≈ быть в тяжбе с кем-л. to break, flout, violate a law ≈ нарушить, преступить закон to cite a law ≈ цитировать закон to declare a law unconstitutional ≈ объявить закон противоречащим конституции (в США) to draft a law ≈ готовить законопроект to interpret a law ≈ толковать закон to obey, observe a law ≈ соблюдать закон, подчиняться закону to promulgate a law ≈ опубликовать закон to take the law into one's own hands ≈ расправиться без суда fair, just law ≈ справедливый закон stringent law ≈ строгий закон unfair law ≈ несправедливый закон unwritten law ≈ неписаный закон There is no law against fishing. ≈ Нет закона, запрещающего рыбную ловлю. It is against the law to smoke in an elevator. ≈ По закону запрещено курить в лифте. in law ≈ по закону, законно to adopt a law ≈ принимать закон to enact a law ≈ принимать закон to go beyond the law ≈ совершить противозаконный поступок to keep within the law ≈ придерживаться закона to lay down the law ≈ формулировать закон to pass a law ≈ принимать закон higher law ≈ божественный закон shield law ≈ закон об охране конфиденциальности antitrust law blue law conflict-of-interest law sunset law sunshine law lynch law Mosaic law law of supply and demand law of diminishing return Syn: canon, code, commandment, constitution, ordinance, regulation, statute б) научный закон, научная закономерность Mendeleyev's law Mendel's law Newton's law periodic law law of gravity law of motion
2) юр. право;
правоведение, законоведение, юриспруденция administrative law business law canon law civil law commercial law constitutional law copyright law corporate law criminal law family law feudal law international law Islamic law labor law maritime law marriage law military law natural law patent law private law public law Roman law substantive law law merchant law school Syn: jurisprudence
3) профессия юриста to read/study law ≈ изучать право, учиться на юриста to practise law ≈ быть юристом
4) суд, судебный процесс to go to law ≈ подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс
5) судейское сословие
6) а) (the law) разг. полиция б) полицейский, блюститель закона ∙ Syn: policeman, police;
sheriff
7) а) правило the laws of badminton ≈ правила игры в бадминтон б) заведенный порядок, обычаи, традиции
8) а) спорт фора;
преимущество, предоставляемое противнику ( в состязании и т. п.) б) перен. передышка, тайм-аут;
отсрочка;
поблажка ∙ he is a law unto himself ≈ для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения necessity/need knows no law посл. ≈ нужда не знает закона to give (the) law to smb. ≈ навязать кому-л. свою волю the law of the jungle ≈ закон джунглей in the eyes of the law ≈ в глазах закона everyone is equal under the law ≈ все равны перед законом the letter of the law ≈ буква закона the spirit of the law ≈ дух закона II = lawks закон - * enforcement обеспечение правопорядка - * digest сборник законов или судебных постановлений (решений, приговоров) - at * в соответствии с правом;
по закону;
по суду - enforcement at * принудительное осуществление или взыскание в законном /судебном/ порядке - in * по закону;
законно - according to * в соответствии с законом - force of * сила закона;
законная сила - the * of the land закон страны - to become * становиться законом - to keep within the * не нарушать закона - to go beyond the * обходить закон - to break the * нарушить закон - to be equal before the * быть равными перед законом - to enforce the * обеспечивать соблюдение закона право;
правоведение - criminal /penal/ * уголовное право - international * международное право - international private * частное международное право - universal international * универсальное международное право - * of the sea (юридическое) морское право - space * космическое право - * of war право войны, законы и обычаи войны - natural * естественное право - * of treaties право, регулирующее международные договоры - * of civil procedure гражданско-процессуальное право - * of criminal procedure уголовно-процессуальное право - judge-made * право, созданное судьей /основанное на судебной практике/ - question of * вопрос права профессия юриста - * language юридический язык, юридическая терминология - * school юридическая школа - doctor of /in/ * доктор юридических наук - the faculty of * юридический факультет - to study /to read/ * изучать право - to follow the * избрать профессию юриста - to practise * заниматься адвокатской практикой, быть юристом суд, судебный процесс - * sitting время сессий судов;
месяцы, когда суды заседают - * reports сборники судебных решений - * costs судебные издержки - to go to * обращаться в суд;
начинать судебный процесс;
подавать жалобу, иск - to go to * against smb. подать на кого-л. в суд - to be at * with smb. судиться с кем-л.;
вести процесс - to take /to have/ the * of smb. привлечь кого-л. к суду - I'll have the * on you! я на тебя подам!;
я тебя привлеку! - to take the * into one's own hands расправиться над кем-л. без суда закон (природы, научный) - the * of nature закон природы - the *s of motion законы движения - the * of gravity закон тяготения - the * of conservation of energy закон сохранения энергии - economic *s экономические законы - the * of supply and demand (экономика) закон спроса и предложения - the * of self-preservation закон самосохранения - * of perdurability закон сохранения вещества - the *s of perspective законы перспективы принятый, установленный обычай - *s of honour кодекс /закон/ чести представитель закона, полицейский, сотрудник ФБР и т. п. - open the door, it's the * откройте дверь! Полиция! - the long arm of * finally got him в конце концов полиция схватила его правила (игры и т. п.) - the * of golf правила игры в гольф( спортивное) фора, преимущество, предоставляемое противнику при состязании (разговорное) поблажка > * of Moses закон Моисея;
(библеизм) пятикнижие, тора > the * of jungle закон джунглей > to give the * to smb. командовать кем-л.;
навязывать свою волю кому-л. > necessity knows no * нужда /необходимость/ не знает закона;
для нужды нет закона > to be a * unto oneself ни с чем не считаться, кроме собственного мнения ( разговорное) обращаться в суд (диалектизм) (разговорное) навязывать свою волю abortion ~ закон об абортах action at ~ судебный иск adjective ~ процессуальное право administrative ~ административное право admiralty ~ военно-морское право admiralty ~ морское право adoption ~ сем.право закон об усыновлении и удочерении agreement ~ закон о соглашениях antisymmetric ~ несимметричный закон antitrust ~ антитрестовский закон banking ~ банковский закон banking ~ законодательство о банках bend the ~ подчиняться закону beyond the ~ вне закона binomial ~ биномиальный закон blanket ~ общий закон blue ~ закон, регулирующий режим воскресного дня( США) blue-sky ~ закон, регулирующий выпуск и продажу акций и ценных бумаг (США) break the ~ нарушать закон bulk sales ~ закон о массовых продажах business ~ право, регулирующее область деловых отношений business ~ торговое право by ~ по закону by operation of ~ в силу закона canonical ~ церковное право case in ~ судебное дело в сфере общего права case ~ прецедентное право cause in ~ судебное дело church ~ церковное право civil procedural ~ гражданское процессуальное право commentary on ~ толкование закона common ~ юр. неписанный закон common ~ юр. общее право;
обычное право;
некодифицированное право common ~ общее право common ~ обычное право, некодифицированное право Community ~ закон Европейского экономического сообщества company ~ закон о компаниях company ~ право, регулирующее деятельность акционерных компаний comparative ~ сравнительное право competent before the ~ правомочный constitutional ~ конституционное право, государственное право constitutional ~ конституционное право constitutional ~ конституционный закон consular ~ консульское право control ~ закон о надзоре corporation ~ закон о корпорациях criminal ~ of procedure судопроизводство по уголовным делам criminal ~ of procedure уголовное судопроизводство crown ~ уголовное право ecclesiastical ~ церковное право economic ~ экономический закон emergency ~ чрезвычайное законодательство equal protection of the ~ равенство перед законом equality before the ~ равенство перед законом exemption ~ прецедентное право exponential ~ экспоненциальный закон extraterritorial ~ экстерриториальный закон family ~ семейное право financial ~ финансовое законодательство fiscal ~ закон о налогообложении fiscal ~ налоговое право fiscal ~ финансовый закон framework ~ общий закон gap in ~ пробел в праве Germanic ~ тевтонский закон to give (the) ~ (to smb.) навязать (кому-л.) свою волю global ~ всеобщий закон to go beyond the ~ совершить противозаконный поступок good ~ действующее право to have (или to take) the ~ (of smb.) привлечь (кого-л.) к суду he is a ~ unto himself для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения to hold good in ~ быть юридически обоснованным housing ~ юр. жилищное законодательство hyperexponential ~ гиперэкспоненциальный закон in ~ по закону, законно in ~ по закону indispensable ~ закон, не допускающий исключений industrial ~ закон о промышленности industrial ~ производственное право industrial property ~ закон о промышленной собственности industrial relations ~ закон о внутрипроизводственных отношениях infringe the ~ нарушать закон insurance ~ закон о страховании intellectual property ~ закон об интеллектуальной собственности internal ~ внутреннее право international ~ международное право issue in ~ спорный вопрос права, спор о праве to keep within the ~ придерживаться закона within: to come ~ the terms of reference относиться к ведению, к компетенции;
to keep within the law не выходить из рамок закона labour ~ закон о труде labour ~ трудовое право landmark ~ право защиты law = lawk(s) ~ закон ~ закон;
Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева ~ attr. законный;
юридический;
правовой;
law school юридическая школа;
юридический факультет ~ общее право ~ (the ~) разг. полиция, полицейский ~ правило;
the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис ~ правило ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право ~ право (в объективном смысле) ~ право ~ правоведение ~ спорт. преимущество, предоставляемое противнику (в состязании и т. п.) ;
перен. передышка;
отсрочка;
поблажка ~ профессия юриста;
to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста;
to practise law быть юристом ~ профессия юриста ~ суд, судебный процесс;
to be at law (with smb.) быть в тяжбе (с кем-л.) ;
to go to law подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс ~ суд ~ судебный процесс ~ судейское сословие Law: Law: ~ of Property Act Закон о праве собственности (Великобритания) law: law: ~ of succession наследственное право ~ analogy правовая аналогия ~ and order правопорядок order: law and ~ законность и правопорядок ~ in force действующее право ~ in force действующий закон ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право merchant: law ~ торговое право, обычное торговое право ~ of accidental error закон случайных ошибок ~ of bills and promissory notes закон о счетах и простых векселях ~ of business property закон о собственности компании ~ of causality закон причинности ~ of contract договорное право, договорно-обязательственное право ~ of contract договорное право ~ of criminal procedure процессуальное уголовное право ~ of demand закон спроса ~ of diminishing return "закон убывающего плодородия" ~ of diminishing returns закон убывающей доходности ~ of enforceable rights закон о праве принудительного осуществления в судебном порядке ~ of enforceable rights закон об обеспечении правовой санкции ~ of evidence доказательственное право ~ of evidence система судебных доказательств ~ of large numbers закон больших чисел ~ of nations международное право ~ of obligation обязательственное право ~ of persons личное право ~ of probabilitys законы вероятности ~ of procedure процессуальное право ~ of property вещное право ~ of property право собственности law: ~ of succession наследственное право ~ of the sea морское право ~ of variable proportions закон переменных соотношений ~ of wages закон о фондах заработной платы ~ attr. законный;
юридический;
правовой;
law school юридическая школа;
юридический факультет school: law ~ юридическая школа law ~ юридический факультет университета law = lawk(s) lawk(s): lawk(s) int разг. неужто? laws: laws = lawk(s) ~ правило;
the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис local government ~ закон местной власти loop-hole in ~ лазейка в законе mandatory ~ обязательный закон maritime ~ морское право martial ~ военное положение martial ~ военное право martial: martial военный;
martial law военное положение mathematical frequency ~ вчт. математический закон распределения matrimonial property ~ закон о собственности супругов ~ закон;
Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева mercantile ~ торговое право, обычное торговое право mercantile ~ торговое право mercantile: ~ торговый;
коммерческий;
mercantile law торговое законодательство;
mercantile marine торговый флот merchant shipping ~ закон о торговом судоходстве military ~ военное право moral ~ закон морали municipal ~ внутреннее право страны municipal ~ внутригосударственное право, внутреннее право страны municipal ~ внутригосударственное право natural ~ естественное право natural ~ естественное правосудие necessity (или need) knows no ~ посл. нужда не знает закона normal probability ~ нормальный закон распределения observe the ~ соблюдать закон outside the ~ вне закона patent ~ закон о патентах patent ~ патентное право, патентный закон patent ~ патентное право patent ~ патентный закон penal ~ уголовное право person in ~ субъект права positive ~ действующее право positive ~ позитивное право ~ профессия юриста;
to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста;
to practise law быть юристом private international ~ международное частное право ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право law: private ~ закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private ~ частное право private ~ частный закон;
закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private ~ частный закон procedural ~ процессуальное право procedural ~ процесуальное право protection of ~ защита закона public international ~ публичное международное право public ~ публичное право public ~ публичный закон (закон, касающийся всего населения) ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право real ~ правовые нормы, относящиеся к недвижимости responsibility under ~ ответственность в соответствии с законом revenue ~ закон о налогах Roman ~ римское право Roman: ~ римский;
латинский;
Roman alphabet латинский алфавит;
Roman law юр. римское право sea ~ морское право statute ~ писаный закон (противоп. common law) statute ~ право, выраженное в законодательных актах statute ~ статутное право statutory ~ право, основанное на законодательных актах;
статутное право statutory ~ право, основанное на законодательных актах statutory ~ статутное право substantive ~ материальное право to take the ~ into one's own hands расправиться без суда tax ~ налоговое право trade marks ~ закон о товарных знаках transitional ~ временное законодательство transitional ~ закон, действующий в переходном периоде unwritten ~ неписаное право, прецедентное право unwritten ~ неписаный закон unwritten ~ общее неписаное право unwritten ~ прецедентное право unwritten: ~ law неписаный закон ~ law юр. прецедентное право usury ~ закон против ростовщичества violate the ~ нарушать закон Wagner's ~ закон Вагнера (согласно которому доля государственных расходов в нацональном доходе возрастает по мере прогресса экономического развития) within the ~ в рамках закона -
16 value
1. n ценность; важность; полезностьmerit value — значение функции полезности; величина выигрыша
2. n ценности3. n значение, смыслstandard value — стандартное значение; стандартная величина
specified value — фиксированное значение; заданное значение
4. n ценность, стоимостьvalue journey — путешествие, оправдывающее затраты
5. n эк. цена; стоимостьcommercial value — рыночная стоимость; продажная цена
nominal value — нарицательная цена; номинальная стоимость, номинал
issued value — эмиссионная стоимость; стоимость при эмиссии
6. n полит. -эк. стоимость7. n фин. валюта; сумма векселя или тратты; эквивалентsales value — стоимость реализации; сумма продаж
counter value — эквивалент; равноценная стоимость
8. n спец. величина, значениеabsolute value — абсолютная величина, абсолютное значение
initial value — исходная величина; данное значение
9. n муз. длительность ноты или паузы10. n иск. валёр; соотношение тоновvalue of colour, colour value — интенсивность цвета; насыщенность цветового тона
11. n фон. качество12. v оценивать, давать оценкуputting a value on — оценивающий; оценка
13. v дорожить, ценитьI value your friendship — я ценю вашу дружбу, я дорожу дружбой с вами
14. v фин. трассировать, выставлять вексель или траттуСинонимический ряд:1. account (noun) account; valuation2. advantage (noun) advantage; benefit; utility3. cost (noun) amount; appraisal; assessment; charge; cost; expense; price; profit4. evaluation (noun) estimation; evaluation5. sense (noun) acceptation; content; force; import; intent; meaning; message; purport; purpose; sense; significance; signification; substance6. worth (noun) account; caliber; calibre; desirability; eminence; importance; merit; quality; stature; usefulness; valuation; virtue; worth7. estimate (verb) appraise; assay; assess; calculate; estimate; evaluate; gauge; judge; price; rate; reckon; set at; survey; valuate8. regard (verb) admire; consider; esteem; honour; regard9. respect (verb) appreciate; apprize; cherish; enjoy; esteem; prize; regard; relish; respect; savour; treasureАнтонимический ряд:condemn; despise; discard; disesteem; disregard; drop; forego; misestimate; neglect -
17 range
дальность (действия, полёта, стрельбы) ; дистанция; диапазон;, ( ракетный) полигон; трасса ( полигона) ; ( зональный) радиомаяк;: комплект; колебание; амплитуда;, шкала; изменять(ся) в диапазоне (от... до...) ; определять расстояние: ( до цели) ; пристреливать по дальности; колебаться (в определённых: пределах) ; классифицироватьat a range (of) — на дальности...
decelerate into the low supersonic range — тормозиться [снижать, скорость] до (области) небольших сверхзвуковых скоростей
equivalent still air range — эквивалентная [теоретическая] штилевая дальность полёта (без учёта гонки двигателей, руления, взлета, набора высоты, снижения, посадки и резерва топлива)
fly down the range — лететь (по трассе полигона): с удалением от места старта
in the «go» range — в рабочем, диапазоне
medium frequency radio range — среднечастотный направленный [курсовой] радиомаяк
phase-shift omnidirectional radio range — фазовый всенаправленный [пеленговый] радиомаяк
range with maximum tankage — дальность с максимальным запасом топлива (во внутренних и подвесных баках)
simultaneous type radio range — радиомаяк с одновременной передачей курсовых сигналов и телефонных сообщений
— g range
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